diff --git a/.github/scripts/randcurl.pl b/.github/scripts/randcurl.pl
index 83fc0e795f..9478813c8b 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/randcurl.pl
+++ b/.github/scripts/randcurl.pl
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ sub runone {
         $a .= " ".addarg();
     }
 
-    my $cmd="$curl$a $url";
+    my $cmd = "$curl$a $url";
 
     my $rc = system("$cmd >curl-output 2>&1 </dev/null -M 0.1") >> 8;
     #my $rc = system("valgrind -q $cmd >/dev/null 2>&1 </dev/null -M 0.1") >> 8;
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ sub runconfig {
     print C "$a\n";
     close(C);
 
-    my $cmd="$curl -K config $url";
+    my $cmd = "$curl -K config $url";
 
     my $rc = system("$cmd >curl-output 2>&1 </dev/null -M 0.1") >> 8;
 
diff --git a/docs/examples/adddocsref.pl b/docs/examples/adddocsref.pl
index cbc48c0407..8c9d7f8c20 100755
--- a/docs/examples/adddocsref.pl
+++ b/docs/examples/adddocsref.pl
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ use warnings;
 
 use File::Copy;
 
-my $docroot="https://curl.se/libcurl/c";
+my $docroot = "https://curl.se/libcurl/c";
 
 for my $f (@ARGV) {
     open(NEW, ">$f.new");
diff --git a/docs/examples/version-check.pl b/docs/examples/version-check.pl
index e6ad784fc8..a80f3ae632 100755
--- a/docs/examples/version-check.pl
+++ b/docs/examples/version-check.pl
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ my %doc;
 my %rem;
 while(<S>) {
     if(/(^CURL[^ \n]*) *(.*)/) {
-        my ($sym, $rest)=($1, $2);
-        my @a=split(/ +/, $rest);
+        my ($sym, $rest) = ($1, $2);
+        my @a = split(/ +/, $rest);
 
-        $doc{$sym}=$a[0]; # when it was introduced
+        $doc{$sym} = $a[0]; # when it was introduced
 
         if($a[2]) {
             # this symbol is documented to have been present the last time
             # in this release
-            $rem{$sym}=$a[2];
+            $rem{$sym} = $a[2];
         }
     }
 }
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ while(<S>) {
 close(S);
 
 sub age {
-    my ($ver)=@_;
+    my ($ver) = @_;
 
-    my @s=split(/\./, $ver);
+    my @s = split(/\./, $ver);
     return $s[0]*10000+$s[1]*100+($s[2] || 0);
 }
 
diff --git a/docs/libcurl/mksymbolsmanpage.pl b/docs/libcurl/mksymbolsmanpage.pl
index c70e994957..9db028e7c4 100755
--- a/docs/libcurl/mksymbolsmanpage.pl
+++ b/docs/libcurl/mksymbolsmanpage.pl
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ HEADER
     ;
 
 sub nameref {
-    my ($n)=@_;
+    my ($n) = @_;
     if($n =~ /^CURLOPT_/) {
         if($n eq "CURLOPT_RTSPHEADER") {
             $n = "CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER";
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ sub nameref {
 
 while(<STDIN>) {
     if($_ =~ /^(CURL[A-Z0-9_.]*) *(.*)/i) {
-        my ($symbol, $rest)=($1,$2);
+        my ($symbol, $rest) = ($1, $2);
         my ($intro, $dep, $rem);
         if($rest =~ s/^([0-9.]*) *//) {
            $intro = $1;
diff --git a/docs/libcurl/symbols.pl b/docs/libcurl/symbols.pl
index 4126fe54e1..2717ac3a55 100755
--- a/docs/libcurl/symbols.pl
+++ b/docs/libcurl/symbols.pl
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ use warnings;
 open F, "<symbols-in-versions";
 
 sub str2num {
-    my ($str)=@_;
+    my ($str) = @_;
     if($str && $str =~ /([0-9]*)\.([0-9]*)\.*([0-9]*)/) {
         return sprintf("0x%06x", $1 << 16 | $2 << 8 | ($3 || '0'));
     }
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ EOS
 
 while(<F>) {
     if(/^(CURL[^ ]*)[ \t]*(.*)/) {
-        my ($sym, $vers)=($1, $2);
+        my ($sym, $vers) = ($1, $2);
 
         my $intr;
         my $rm;
@@ -77,11 +77,11 @@ while(<F>) {
 
         # is there removed info?
         if($vers =~ /([\d.]+)[ \t-]+([\d.-]+)[ \t]+([\d.]+)/) {
-            ($intr, $dep, $rm)=($1, $2, $3);
+            ($intr, $dep, $rm) = ($1, $2, $3);
         }
         # is it a dep-only line?
         elsif($vers =~ /([\d.]+)[ \t-]+([\d.]+)/) {
-            ($intr, $dep)=($1, $2);
+            ($intr, $dep) = ($1, $2);
         }
         else {
             $intr = $vers;
diff --git a/lib/optiontable.pl b/lib/optiontable.pl
index db0659cbb0..de6fb55151 100755
--- a/lib/optiontable.pl
+++ b/lib/optiontable.pl
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const struct curl_easyoption Curl_easyopts[] = {
 HEAD
     ;
 
-my $lastnum=0;
+my $lastnum = 0;
 
 my %opt;
 my %type;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ my @names;
 my %alias;
 
 sub add {
-    my($optstr, $typestr, $num)=@_;
+    my($optstr, $typestr, $num) = @_;
     my $name;
     # remove all spaces from the type
     $typestr =~ s/ //g;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ sub add {
     }
 
     if($optstr =~ /^CURLOPT_(.*)/) {
-        $name=$1;
+        $name = $1;
     }
     $ext =~ s/CURLOPTTYPE_//;
     $ext =~ s/CBPOINT/CBPTR/;
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ while(<CURL_H>) {
             $fl .= $1;
 
             # the end
-            my @p=split(/, */, $fl);
+            my @p = split(/, */, $fl);
             add($p[0], $p[1], $p[2]);
             undef $fl;
         }
@@ -106,14 +106,14 @@ while(<CURL_H>) {
     }
 
     if(/^ *CURLOPT\(([^,]*), ([^,]*), (\d+)\)/) {
-        my($opt, $type, $num)=($1,$2,$3);
+        my($opt, $type, $num) = ($1, $2, $3);
         add($opt, $type, $num);
     }
 
     # alias for an older option
     # old = new
     if(/^#define (CURLOPT_[^ ]*) *(CURLOPT_\S*)/) {
-        my ($o, $n)=($1, $2);
+        my ($o, $n) = ($1, $2);
         # skip obsolete ones
         if(($n !~ /OBSOLETE/) && ($o !~ /OBSOLETE/)) {
             $o =~ s/^CURLOPT_//;
diff --git a/scripts/badwords b/scripts/badwords
index f833573af7..7d371b3bee 100755
--- a/scripts/badwords
+++ b/scripts/badwords
@@ -184,14 +184,14 @@ while(<CONFIG>) {
     if(/^---:([^:]*):(.*)/) {
         # whitelist file + word
         my $word = lc($2);
-        $wl{"$1:$word"}=1;
+        $wl{"$1:$word"} = 1;
     }
     elsif($_ =~ /^---(.+)/) {
         # whitelist word
         push @whitelist, $1;
     }
     elsif($_ =~ /^(.*)([:=])(.*)/) {
-        my ($bad, $sep, $better)=($1, $2, $3);
+        my ($bad, $sep, $better) = ($1, $2, $3);
         if($sep eq "=") {
             $alt{$bad} = $better;
             push @exact, $bad;
diff --git a/scripts/cd2cd b/scripts/cd2cd
index 182cb62c8a..e66e3f844f 100755
--- a/scripts/cd2cd
+++ b/scripts/cd2cd
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ sub outseealso {
 sub single {
     my @head;
     my @seealso;
-    my ($f)=@_;
+    my ($f) = @_;
     my $title;
     my $section;
     my $source;
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ sub single {
             next;
         }
         if(/^Title: *(.*)/i) {
-            $title=$1;
+            $title = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Section: *(.*)/i) {
-            $section=$1;
+            $section = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Source: *(.*)/i) {
-            $source=$1;
+            $source = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^See-also: +(.*)/i) {
             $salist = 0;
@@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ sub single {
         }
         # REUSE-IgnoreStart
         elsif(/^C: (.*)/i) {
-            $copyright=$1;
+            $copyright = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^SPDX-License-Identifier: (.*)/i) {
-            $spdx=$1;
+            $spdx = $1;
         }
         # REUSE-IgnoreEnd
         elsif(/^---/) {
diff --git a/scripts/cd2nroff b/scripts/cd2nroff
index d051433a72..99c2e8a576 100755
--- a/scripts/cd2nroff
+++ b/scripts/cd2nroff
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ sub single {
     my @proto;
     my @tls;
     my $d;
-    my ($f)=@_;
+    my ($f) = @_;
     my $copyright;
     my $errors = 0;
     my $fh;
@@ -234,13 +234,13 @@ sub single {
             next;
         }
         if(/^Title: *(.*)/i) {
-            $title=$1;
+            $title = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Section: *(.*)/i) {
-            $section=$1;
+            $section = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Source: *(.*)/i) {
-            $source=$1;
+            $source = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^See-also: +(.*)/i) {
             $list = 1; # 1 for see-also
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ sub single {
             $list = 3; # 3 for TLS backend
         }
         elsif(/^Added-in: *(.*)/i) {
-            $addedin=$1;
+            $addedin = $1;
             if(($addedin !~ /^[0-9.]+[0-9]\z/) &&
                ($addedin ne "n/a")) {
                 print STDERR "$f:$line:1:ERROR: invalid version number in Added-in line: $addedin\n";
@@ -285,10 +285,10 @@ sub single {
         }
         # REUSE-IgnoreStart
         elsif(/^C: (.*)/i) {
-            $copyright=$1;
+            $copyright = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^SPDX-License-Identifier: (.*)/i) {
-            $spdx=$1;
+            $spdx = $1;
         }
         # REUSE-IgnoreEnd
         elsif(/^---/) {
diff --git a/scripts/cdall b/scripts/cdall
index 1ea0f42f25..15111a5c42 100755
--- a/scripts/cdall
+++ b/scripts/cdall
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use strict;
 use warnings;
 
 sub convert {
-    my ($dir)=@_;
+    my ($dir) = @_;
     opendir(my $dh, $dir) || die "could not open $dir";
     my @cd = grep { /\.md\z/ && -f "$dir/$_" } readdir($dh);
     closedir $dh;
diff --git a/scripts/checksrc.pl b/scripts/checksrc.pl
index 41bf846bcd..7b9f814709 100755
--- a/scripts/checksrc.pl
+++ b/scripts/checksrc.pl
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ my $errors = 0;
 my $serrors = 0;
 my $suppressed; # skipped problems
 my $file;
-my $dir=".";
-my $wlist="";
+my $dir = ".";
+my $wlist = "";
 my @alist;
 my $windows_os = $^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'cygwin' || $^O eq 'msys';
 my $verbose = 0;
@@ -206,10 +206,10 @@ my %warnings = (
 
 sub readskiplist {
     open(my $W, '<', "$dir/checksrc.skip") or return;
-    my @all=<$W>;
+    my @all = <$W>;
     for(@all) {
         $windows_os ? $_ =~ s/\r?\n$// : chomp;
-        $skiplist{$_}=1;
+        $skiplist{$_} = 1;
     }
     close($W);
 }
@@ -431,8 +431,8 @@ sub accept_violations {
             print "'$r' is not a warning to accept!\n";
             exit;
         }
-        $ignore{$r}=999999;
-        $ignore_used{$r}=0;
+        $ignore{$r} = 999999;
+        $ignore_used{$r} = 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -463,9 +463,9 @@ sub enable_warn {
                   $line, length($what) + 11, $file, $l,
                   "No warning was inhibited!");
     }
-    $ignore_set{$what}=0;
-    $ignore_used{$what}=0;
-    $ignore{$what}=0;
+    $ignore_set{$what} = 0;
+    $ignore_used{$what} = 0;
+    $ignore{$what} = 0;
 }
 sub checksrc {
     my ($cmd, $line, $file, $l) = @_;
@@ -474,9 +474,9 @@ sub checksrc {
         $what =~ s: *\*/$::; # cut off end of C comment
         # print "ENABLE $enable WHAT $what\n";
         if($enable eq "disable") {
-            my ($warn, $scope)=($1, $2);
+            my ($warn, $scope) = ($1, $2);
             if($what =~ /([^ ]*) +(.*)/) {
-                ($warn, $scope)=($1, $2);
+                ($warn, $scope) = ($1, $2);
             }
             else {
                 $warn = $what;
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ sub checksrc {
             }
             # print "IGNORE $warn for SCOPE $scope\n";
             if($scope eq "all") {
-                $scope=999999;
+                $scope = 999999;
             }
 
             # Comparing for a literal zero rather than the scalar value zero
@@ -502,9 +502,9 @@ sub checksrc {
                           "$warn already disabled from line $ignore_set{$warn}");
             }
             else {
-                $ignore{$warn}=$scope;
-                $ignore_set{$warn}=$line;
-                $ignore_line[$line]=$l;
+                $ignore{$warn} = $scope;
+                $ignore_set{$warn} = $line;
+                $ignore_line[$line] = $l;
             }
         }
         elsif($enable eq "enable") {
@@ -528,8 +528,8 @@ sub scanfile {
     my ($file) = @_;
 
     my $line = 1;
-    my $prevl="";
-    my $prevpl="";
+    my $prevl = "";
+    my $prevpl = "";
     my $l = "";
     my $prep = 0;
     my $prevp = 0;
@@ -542,8 +542,8 @@ sub scanfile {
 
     open(my $R, '<', $file) || die "failed to open $file";
 
-    my $incomment=0;
-    my @copyright=();
+    my $incomment = 0;
+    my @copyright = ();
     my %includes;
     checksrc_clear(); # for file based ignores
     accept_violations();
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ sub scanfile {
             }
             else {
                 # still within a comment
-                $l="";
+                $l = "";
             }
         }
 
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ sub scanfile {
         my $nostr = nostrings($l);
         # check spaces after for/if/while/function call
         if($nostr =~ /^(.*)(for|if|while|switch| ([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)) \((.)/) {
-            my ($leading, $word, $extra, $first)=($1,$2,$3,$4);
+            my ($leading, $word, $extra, $first) = ($1, $2, $3, $4);
             if($1 =~ / *\#/) {
                 # this is a #if, treat it differently
             }
@@ -898,15 +898,15 @@ sub scanfile {
 
         # check for comma without space
         if($l =~ /^(.*),[^ \n]/) {
-            my $pref=$1;
-            my $ign=0;
+            my $pref = $1;
+            my $ign = 0;
             if($pref =~ / *\#/) {
                 # this is a #if, treat it differently
-                $ign=1;
+                $ign = 1;
             }
             elsif($pref =~ /\/\*/) {
                 # this is a comment
-                $ign=1;
+                $ign = 1;
             }
             elsif($pref =~ /[\"\']/) {
                 $ign = 1;
diff --git a/scripts/managen b/scripts/managen
index 2b82e74a8b..2da6ec9354 100755
--- a/scripts/managen
+++ b/scripts/managen
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ my $indent = 4;
 
 # get the long name version, return the man page string
 sub manpageify {
-    my ($k, $manpage)=@_;
+    my ($k, $manpage) = @_;
     my $trail = '';
     # the matching pattern might include a trailing dot that cannot be part of
     # the option name
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ sub manpageify {
     return "--$k$trail";
 }
 
-my $colwidth=79; # max number of columns
+my $colwidth = 79; # max number of columns
 
 sub prefixline {
     my ($num) = @_;
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ sub printdesc {
 }
 
 sub seealso {
-    my($standalone, $data)=@_;
+    my($standalone, $data) = @_;
     if($standalone) {
         return sprintf
             ".SH \"SEE ALSO\"\n$data\n";
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ sub seealso {
 }
 
 sub overrides {
-    my ($standalone, $data)=@_;
+    my ($standalone, $data) = @_;
     if($standalone) {
         return ".SH \"OVERRIDES\"\n$data\n";
     }
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ my %protexists = (
     );
 
 sub protocols {
-    my ($f, $line, $manpage, $standalone, $data)=@_;
+    my ($f, $line, $manpage, $standalone, $data) = @_;
     my @e = split(/ +/, $data);
     for my $pr (@e) {
         if(!$protexists{$pr}) {
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ sub protocols {
 }
 
 sub too_old {
-    my ($version)=@_;
+    my ($version) = @_;
     my $a = 999999;
     if($version =~ /^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/) {
         $a = $1 * 1000 + $2 * 10 + $3;
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ sub too_old {
 }
 
 sub added {
-    my ($standalone, $data)=@_;
+    my ($standalone, $data) = @_;
     if(too_old($data)) {
         # do not mention ancient additions
         return "";
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ sub maybespace {
 }
 
 sub single {
-    my ($dir, $manpage, $f, $standalone)=@_;
+    my ($dir, $manpage, $f, $standalone) = @_;
     my $fh;
     open($fh, "<:crlf", "$dir/$f") ||
         die "could not find $dir/$f";
@@ -597,28 +597,28 @@ sub single {
             next;
         }
         if(/^Short: *(.)/i) {
-            $short=$1;
+            $short = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Long: *(.*)/i) {
-            $long=$1;
+            $long = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Added: *(.*)/i) {
-            $added=$1;
+            $added = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Tags: *(.*)/i) {
-            $tags=$1;
+            $tags = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Arg: *(.*)/i) {
-            $arg=$1;
+            $arg = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Magic: *(.*)/i) {
-            $magic=$1;
+            $magic = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Mutexed: *(.*)/i) {
-            $mutexed=$1;
+            $mutexed = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Protocols: *(.*)/i) {
-            $protocols=$1;
+            $protocols = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^See-also: +(.+)/i) {
             if(@seealso) {
@@ -628,16 +628,16 @@ sub single {
             push @seealso, $1;
         }
         elsif(/^See-also:/i) {
-            $list=2;
+            $list = 2;
         }
         elsif(/^  *- (.*)/i && ($list == 2)) {
             push @seealso, $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Requires: *(.*)/i) {
-            $requires=$1;
+            $requires = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Category: *(.*)/i) {
-            $category=$1;
+            $category = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Example: +(.+)/i) {
             push @examples, $1;
@@ -650,20 +650,20 @@ sub single {
             push @examples, $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Multi: *(.*)/i) {
-            $multi=$1;
+            $multi = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Scope: *(.*)/i) {
-            $scope=$1;
+            $scope = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Experimental: yes/i) {
-            $experimental=1;
+            $experimental = 1;
         }
         # REUSE-IgnoreStart
         elsif(/^C: (.*)/i) {
-            $copyright=$1;
+            $copyright = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^SPDX-License-Identifier: (.*)/i) {
-            $spdx=$1;
+            $spdx = $1;
         }
         # REUSE-IgnoreEnd
         elsif(/^Help: *(.*)/i) {
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ sub single {
             " is built to support $requires.\n";
     }
     if($mutexed) {
-        my @m=split(/ /, $mutexed);
+        my @m = split(/ /, $mutexed);
         my $mstr;
         my $num = scalar(@m);
         my $count = 0;
@@ -875,8 +875,8 @@ sub single {
                               "This option is mutually exclusive with $mstr.\n");
     }
     if($examples[0]) {
-        my $s ="";
-        $s="s" if($examples[1]);
+        my $s = "";
+        $s = "s" if($examples[1]);
         foreach my $e (@examples) {
             my $check = $e;
             # verify the used options
@@ -933,7 +933,7 @@ sub single {
                         if(length($e) > $maxwidth) {
                             $r = maybespace($r);
                         }
-                        my $slash ="";
+                        my $slash = "";
                         $e = substr($e, length($r));
                         if(length($e) > 0) {
                             $slash = "\\";
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ sub single {
 }
 
 sub getshortlong {
-    my ($dir, $f)=@_;
+    my ($dir, $f) = @_;
     $f =~ s/^.*\///;
     open(F, "<:crlf", "$dir/$f") ||
         die "could not find $dir/$f";
@@ -988,13 +988,13 @@ sub getshortlong {
             next;
         }
         if(/^Short: (.)/i) {
-            $short=$1;
+            $short = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Long: (.*)/i) {
-            $long=$1;
+            $long = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Help: (.*)/i) {
-            $help=$1;
+            $help = $1;
             my $len = length($help);
             if($len >= 49) {
                 printf STDERR "$f:$line:1:WARN: oversized help text: %d characters\n",
@@ -1002,13 +1002,13 @@ sub getshortlong {
             }
         }
         elsif(/^Arg: (.*)/i) {
-            $arg=$1;
+            $arg = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Protocols: (.*)/i) {
-            $protocols=$1;
+            $protocols = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^Category: (.*)/i) {
-            $category=$1;
+            $category = $1;
         }
         elsif(/^---/) {
             last;
@@ -1016,14 +1016,14 @@ sub getshortlong {
     }
     close(F);
     if($short) {
-        $optshort{$short}=$long;
+        $optshort{$short} = $long;
     }
     if($long) {
-        $optlong{$long}=$short;
-        $helplong{$long}=$help;
-        $arglong{$long}=$arg;
-        $protolong{$long}=$protocols;
-        $catlong{$long}=$category;
+        $optlong{$long} = $short;
+        $helplong{$long} = $help;
+        $arglong{$long} = $arg;
+        $protolong{$long} = $protocols;
+        $catlong{$long} = $category;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ sub indexoptions {
 }
 
 sub header {
-    my ($dir, $manpage, $f)=@_;
+    my ($dir, $manpage, $f) = @_;
     my $fh;
     open($fh, "<:crlf", "$dir/$f") ||
         die "could not find $dir/$f";
@@ -1192,7 +1192,7 @@ sub listglobals {
                 }
             }
             if(/^Long: *(.*)/i) {
-                $long=$1;
+                $long = $1;
             }
             elsif(/^Scope: global/i) {
                 push @globalopts, $long;
diff --git a/scripts/mdlinkcheck b/scripts/mdlinkcheck
index 3c86ddb75a..1910bd670e 100755
--- a/scripts/mdlinkcheck
+++ b/scripts/mdlinkcheck
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ if(defined $ARGV[0] && $ARGV[0] eq "--dry-run") {
 }
 
 # list all files to scan for links
-my @files=`git ls-files docs include lib scripts src`;
+my @files = `git ls-files docs include lib scripts src`;
 
 sub storelink {
     my ($f, $line, $link) = @_;
diff --git a/scripts/nroff2cd b/scripts/nroff2cd
index 6b2e3226a9..782da8c14b 100755
--- a/scripts/nroff2cd
+++ b/scripts/nroff2cd
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ use warnings;
 my $nroff2cd = "0.1"; # to keep check
 
 sub single {
-    my ($f)=@_;
+    my ($f) = @_;
     open(F, "<:crlf", $f) ||
         return 1;
     my $line;
diff --git a/scripts/release-notes.pl b/scripts/release-notes.pl
index 7288bbe514..0a7cdf371b 100755
--- a/scripts/release-notes.pl
+++ b/scripts/release-notes.pl
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ use strict;
 use warnings;
 
 my $cleanup = (@ARGV && $ARGV[0] eq "cleanup");
-my @gitlog=`git log @^{/RELEASE-NOTES:.synced}..` if(!$cleanup);
-my @releasenotes=`cat RELEASE-NOTES`;
+my @gitlog = `git log @^{/RELEASE-NOTES:.synced}..` if(!$cleanup);
+my @releasenotes = `cat RELEASE-NOTES`;
 
 my @o; # the entire new RELEASE-NOTES
 my @refused; # [num] = [2 bits of use info]
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ my %dupe;
 for my $l (@releasenotes) {
     if($l =~ /^ o .*\[(\d+)\]/) {
         # referenced, set bit 0
-        $refused[$1]=1;
+        $refused[$1] = 1;
         my $m = $l;
         chomp $m;
         $m =~ s/^ o //;
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ sub getref {
 # 'https://elsewhere.example.com/discussion'
 
 sub extract {
-    my ($ref)=@_;
+    my ($ref) = @_;
     if($ref =~ /^(\#|)(\d+)/) {
         # return the plain number
         return $2;
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ if($first) {
 
 # call at the end of a parsed commit
 sub onecommit {
-    my ($short)=@_;
+    my ($short) = @_;
     my $ref = '';
 
     if($dupe{$short}) {
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ sub onecommit {
     if($ref) {
         my $r = getref();
         $refs[$r] = $ref;
-        $moreinfo{$short}=$r;
+        $moreinfo{$short} = $r;
         $refused[$r] |= 1;
     }
 }
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ for my $l (@releasenotes) {
             push @o, sprintf " o %s%s\n", $f,
                 $moreinfo{$f}? sprintf(" [%d]", $moreinfo{$f}): "";
             if($moreinfo{$f}) {
-                $refused[$moreinfo{$f}]=3;
+                $refused[$moreinfo{$f}] = 3;
             }
         }
         push @o, " --- new entries are listed above this ---";
diff --git a/scripts/singleuse.pl b/scripts/singleuse.pl
index 9573342150..a1d2194d4e 100755
--- a/scripts/singleuse.pl
+++ b/scripts/singleuse.pl
@@ -198,13 +198,13 @@ while(<N>) {
         $file = $1;
     }
     if($l =~ /^([0-9a-f]+) T _?(.*)/) {
-        my ($name)=($2);
+        my ($name) = ($2);
         #print "Define $name in $file\n";
         $file =~ s/^libcurl_la-//;
         $exist{$name} = $file;
     }
     elsif($l =~ /^                 U _?(.*)/) {
-        my ($name)=($1);
+        my ($name) = ($1);
         #print "Uses $name in $file\n";
         $uses{$name} .= "$file, ";
     }
diff --git a/scripts/top-complexity b/scripts/top-complexity
index 38b68a3300..e6cd22956b 100755
--- a/scripts/top-complexity
+++ b/scripts/top-complexity
@@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ use warnings;
 # Check for a command in the PATH of the test server.
 #
 sub checkcmd {
-    my ($cmd)=@_;
+    my ($cmd) = @_;
     my @paths;
     if($^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'dos' || $^O eq 'os2') {
         # PATH separator is different
-        @paths=(split(';', $ENV{'PATH'}));
+        @paths = (split(';', $ENV{'PATH'}));
     }
     else {
-        @paths=(split(':', $ENV{'PATH'}), "/usr/sbin", "/usr/local/sbin",
-                "/sbin", "/usr/bin", "/usr/local/bin");
+        @paths = (split(':', $ENV{'PATH'}), "/usr/sbin", "/usr/local/sbin",
+                  "/sbin", "/usr/bin", "/usr/local/bin");
     }
     for(@paths) {
         if(-x "$_/$cmd" && ! -d "$_/$cmd") {
@@ -97,15 +97,15 @@ my $alllines = 0;
 for my $l (@output) {
     chomp $l;
     if($l =~/^(\d+)\t\d+\t\d+\t\d+\t(\d+)\t([^\(]+).*: ([^ ]*)/) {
-        my ($score, $len, $path, $func)=($1, $2, $3, $4);
+        my ($score, $len, $path, $func) = ($1, $2, $3, $4);
 
         my $allow = 0;
         if($whitelist{$func} &&
            ($score <= $whitelist{$func})) {
             $allow = 1;
         }
-        $where{"$path:$func"}=$score;
-        $perm{"$path:$func"}=$allow;
+        $where{"$path:$func"} = $score;
+        $perm{"$path:$func"} = $allow;
         if(($score > $cutoff) && !$allow) {
             $error++;
         }
diff --git a/scripts/top-length b/scripts/top-length
index eaf69b3025..10dabde39d 100755
--- a/scripts/top-length
+++ b/scripts/top-length
@@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ use warnings;
 # Check for a command in the PATH of the test server.
 #
 sub checkcmd {
-    my ($cmd)=@_;
+    my ($cmd) = @_;
     my @paths;
     if($^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'dos' || $^O eq 'os2') {
         # PATH separator is different
-        @paths=(split(';', $ENV{'PATH'}));
+        @paths = (split(';', $ENV{'PATH'}));
     }
     else {
-        @paths=(split(':', $ENV{'PATH'}), "/usr/sbin", "/usr/local/sbin",
-                "/sbin", "/usr/bin", "/usr/local/bin");
+        @paths = (split(':', $ENV{'PATH'}), "/usr/sbin", "/usr/local/sbin",
+                  "/sbin", "/usr/bin", "/usr/local/bin");
     }
     for(@paths) {
         if(-x "$_/$cmd" && ! -d "$_/$cmd") {
@@ -97,15 +97,15 @@ my $alllines = 0;
 for my $l (@output) {
     chomp $l;
     if($l =~/^(\d+)\t\d+\t\d+\t\d+\t(\d+)\t([^\(]+).*: ([^ ]*)/) {
-        my ($score, $length, $path, $func)=($1, $2, $3, $4);
+        my ($score, $length, $path, $func) = ($1, $2, $3, $4);
 
         my $allow = 0;
         if($whitelist{$func} &&
            ($length <= $whitelist{$func})) {
             $allow = 1;
         }
-        $where{"$path:$func"}=$length;
-        $perm{"$path:$func"}=$allow;
+        $where{"$path:$func"} = $length;
+        $perm{"$path:$func"} = $allow;
         if(($length > $cutoff) && !$allow) {
             $error++;
         }
diff --git a/src/mkhelp.pl b/src/mkhelp.pl
index 89a4a9a1f2..9c60d7a64b 100755
--- a/src/mkhelp.pl
+++ b/src/mkhelp.pl
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ static const unsigned char hugehelpgz[] = {
 HEAD
 ;
 
-    my $c=0;
+    my $c = 0;
     for(split(//, $gzippedContent)) {
-        my $num=ord($_);
+        my $num = ord($_);
         if(!($c % 12)) {
             print " ";
         }
diff --git a/tests/allversions.pm b/tests/allversions.pm
index 8ae47fc599..576980b5bf 100644
--- a/tests/allversions.pm
+++ b/tests/allversions.pm
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ sub allversions {
         }
         elsif(!$before &&
               /^- ([0-9.]+): (.*)/) {
-            $pastversion{$1}=$2;
+            $pastversion{$1} = $2;
             $relcount++;
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/appveyor.pm b/tests/appveyor.pm
index 9cfc5a9b2d..4a91af400e 100644
--- a/tests/appveyor.pm
+++ b/tests/appveyor.pm
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ sub appveyor_create_test_result {
     ' \\
     '$appveyor_baseurl/api/tests'`;
     print "AppVeyor API result: $appveyor_result\n" if($appveyor_result);
-    $APPVEYOR_TEST_NAMES{$testnum}=$testname;
+    $APPVEYOR_TEST_NAMES{$testnum} = $testname;
 }
 
 sub appveyor_update_test_result {
diff --git a/tests/ftpserver.pl b/tests/ftpserver.pl
index c1a677e400..4d0fbc8a59 100755
--- a/tests/ftpserver.pl
+++ b/tests/ftpserver.pl
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ my $listenaddr = '127.0.0.1';  # default address for listener port
 #**********************************************************************
 # global vars used for filenames
 #
-my $PORTFILE="ftpserver.port"; # server port filename
+my $PORTFILE = "ftpserver.port"; # server port filename
 my $portfile;           # server port file path
 my $pidfile;            # server pid filename
 my $mainsockf_pidfile;  # pid file for primary connection sockfilt process
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ my %delayreply;    #
 # $ftptargetdir is keeping the fake "name" of LIST directory.
 #
 my $ftplistparserstate;
-my $ftptargetdir="";
+my $ftptargetdir = "";
 
 #**********************************************************************
 # global variables used when running an FTP server to keep state info
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ sub disc_handshake {
 }
 
 sub close_dataconn {
-    my ($closed)=@_; # non-zero if already disconnected
+    my ($closed) = @_; # non-zero if already disconnected
 
     my $datapid = processexists($datasockf_pidfile);
 
@@ -944,8 +944,8 @@ sub DATA_smtp {
             return 0; # failed to open output
 
         my $line;
-        my $ulsize=0;
-        my $disc=0;
+        my $ulsize = 0;
+        my $disc = 0;
         my $raw;
         while(5 == (sysread \*SFREAD, $line, 5)) {
             if($line eq "DATA\n") {
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ sub DATA_smtp {
             }
             elsif($line eq "DISC\n") {
                 # disconnect!
-                $disc=1;
+                $disc = 1;
                 printf SFWRITE "ACKD\n";
                 last;
             }
@@ -2018,7 +2018,7 @@ sub QUIT_pop3 {
 ################
 ################ FTP commands
 ################
-my $rest=0;
+my $rest = 0;
 sub REST_ftp {
     $rest = $_[0];
     logmsg "Set REST position to $rest\n"
@@ -2135,7 +2135,7 @@ sub LIST_ftp {
 }
 
 sub NLST_ftp {
-    my @ftpdir=("file", "with space", "fake", "..", " ..", "funny", "README");
+    my @ftpdir = ("file", "with space", "fake", "..", " ..", "funny", "README");
 
     if($datasockf_conn eq 'no') {
         if($nodataconn425) {
@@ -2242,7 +2242,7 @@ sub SIZE_ftp {
         }
     }
     else {
-        $size=0;
+        $size = 0;
         @data = getpart("reply", "data$testpart");
         for(@data) {
             $size += length($_);
@@ -2320,7 +2320,7 @@ sub RETR_ftp {
 
     my @data = getpart("reply", "data$testpart");
 
-    my $size=0;
+    my $size = 0;
     for(@data) {
         $size += length($_);
     }
@@ -2344,7 +2344,7 @@ sub RETR_ftp {
                 senddata $send;
             }
             close_dataconn(0);
-            $retrweirdo=0; # switch off the weirdo again!
+            $retrweirdo = 0; # switch off the weirdo again!
         }
         else {
             my $sz = "($size bytes)";
@@ -2372,7 +2372,7 @@ sub RETR_ftp {
 }
 
 sub STOR_ftp {
-    my $testno=$_[0];
+    my $testno = $_[0];
 
     my $filename = "$logdir/upload.$testno";
 
@@ -2403,8 +2403,8 @@ sub STOR_ftp {
         return 0; # failed to open output
 
     my $line;
-    my $ulsize=0;
-    my $disc=0;
+    my $ulsize = 0;
+    my $disc = 0;
     while(5 == (sysread DREAD, $line, 5)) {
         if($line eq "DATA\n") {
             my $i;
@@ -2425,7 +2425,7 @@ sub STOR_ftp {
         }
         elsif($line eq "DISC\n") {
             # disconnect!
-            $disc=1;
+            $disc = 1;
             printf DWRITE "ACKD\n";
             last;
         }
@@ -2454,7 +2454,7 @@ sub STOR_ftp {
 }
 
 sub PASV_ftp {
-    my ($arg, $cmd)=@_;
+    my ($arg, $cmd) = @_;
     my $pasvport;
 
     # kill previous data connection sockfilt when alive
@@ -2561,10 +2561,10 @@ sub PASV_ftp {
 
     if($cmd ne "EPSV") {
         # PASV reply
-        my $p=$listenaddr;
+        my $p = $listenaddr;
         $p =~ s/\./,/g;
         if($pasvbadip) {
-            $p="1,2,3,4";
+            $p = "1,2,3,4";
         }
         sendcontrol sprintf("227 Entering Passive Mode ($p,%d,%d)\r\n",
                             int($pasvport / 256), int($pasvport % 256));
@@ -2833,16 +2833,16 @@ sub customize {
 
     while(<$custom>) {
         if($_ =~ /REPLY \"([A-Z]+ [A-Za-z0-9+-\/=\*. ]+)\" (.*)/) {
-            $fulltextreply{$1}=eval "qq{$2}";
+            $fulltextreply{$1} = eval "qq{$2}";
             logmsg "FTPD: set custom reply for $1\n";
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /REPLY(LF|) ([A-Za-z0-9+\/=\*]*) (.*)/) {
-            $commandreply{$2}=eval "qq{$3}";
+            $commandreply{$2} = eval "qq{$3}";
             if($1 ne "LF") {
-                $commandreply{$2}.="\r\n";
+                $commandreply{$2} .= "\r\n";
             }
             else {
-                $commandreply{$2}.="\n";
+                $commandreply{$2} .= "\n";
             }
             if($2 eq "") {
                 logmsg "FTPD: set custom reply for empty command\n";
@@ -2854,11 +2854,11 @@ sub customize {
         elsif($_ =~ /COUNT ([A-Z]+) (.*)/) {
             # we blank the custom reply for this command when having
             # been used this number of times
-            $customcount{$1}=$2;
+            $customcount{$1} = $2;
             logmsg "FTPD: blank custom reply for $1 command after $2 uses\n";
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /DELAY ([A-Z]+) (\d*)/) {
-            $delayreply{$1}=$2;
+            $delayreply{$1} = $2;
             logmsg "FTPD: delay reply for $1 with $2 seconds\n";
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /POSTFETCH (.*)/) {
@@ -2866,22 +2866,22 @@ sub customize {
             $postfetch = $1;
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /SLOWDOWNDATA/) {
-            $ctrldelay=0;
-            $datadelay=0.005;
+            $ctrldelay = 0;
+            $datadelay = 0.005;
             logmsg "FTPD: send response data with 5ms delay per byte\n";
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /SLOWDOWN/) {
-            $ctrldelay=0.005;
-            $datadelay=0.005;
+            $ctrldelay = 0.005;
+            $datadelay = 0.005;
             logmsg "FTPD: send response with 5ms delay between each byte\n";
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /RETRWEIRDO/) {
             logmsg "FTPD: instructed to use RETRWEIRDO\n";
-            $retrweirdo=1;
+            $retrweirdo = 1;
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /RETRNOSIZE/) {
             logmsg "FTPD: instructed to use RETRNOSIZE\n";
-            $retrnosize=1;
+            $retrnosize = 1;
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /RETRSIZE (\d+)/) {
             $retrsize= $1;
@@ -2889,33 +2889,33 @@ sub customize {
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /PASVBADIP/) {
             logmsg "FTPD: instructed to use PASVBADIP\n";
-            $pasvbadip=1;
+            $pasvbadip = 1;
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /NODATACONN425/) {
             # applies to both active and passive FTP modes
             logmsg "FTPD: instructed to use NODATACONN425\n";
-            $nodataconn425=1;
-            $nodataconn=1;
+            $nodataconn425 = 1;
+            $nodataconn = 1;
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /NODATACONN421/) {
             # applies to both active and passive FTP modes
             logmsg "FTPD: instructed to use NODATACONN421\n";
-            $nodataconn421=1;
-            $nodataconn=1;
+            $nodataconn421 = 1;
+            $nodataconn = 1;
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /NODATACONN150/) {
             # applies to both active and passive FTP modes
             logmsg "FTPD: instructed to use NODATACONN150\n";
-            $nodataconn150=1;
-            $nodataconn=1;
+            $nodataconn150 = 1;
+            $nodataconn = 1;
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /NODATACONN/) {
             # applies to both active and passive FTP modes
             logmsg "FTPD: instructed to use NODATACONN\n";
-            $nodataconn=1;
+            $nodataconn = 1;
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /^STOR (.*)/) {
-            $storeresp=$1;
+            $storeresp = $1;
             logmsg "FTPD: instructed to use respond to STOR with '$storeresp'\n";
         }
         elsif($_ =~ /CAPA (.*)/) {
@@ -3150,7 +3150,7 @@ while(1) {
     }
     else {
         # clear it after use
-        $commandreply{"welcome"}="";
+        $commandreply{"welcome"} = "";
         if($welcome !~ /\r\n\z/) {
             $welcome .= "\r\n";
         }
@@ -3217,21 +3217,21 @@ while(1) {
             # IMAP is different with its identifier first on the command line
             if(($full =~ /^([^ ]+) ([^ ]+) (.*)/) ||
                ($full =~ /^([^ ]+) ([^ ]+)/)) {
-                $cmdid=$1; # set the global variable
-                $FTPCMD=$2;
-                $FTPARG=$3;
+                $cmdid = $1; # set the global variable
+                $FTPCMD = $2;
+                $FTPARG = $3;
             }
             # IMAP authentication cancellation
             elsif($full =~ /^\*$/) {
                 # Command id has already been set
-                $FTPCMD="*";
-                $FTPARG="";
+                $FTPCMD = "*";
+                $FTPARG = "";
             }
             # IMAP long "commands" are base64 authentication data
             elsif($full =~ /^[A-Z0-9+\/]*={0,2}$/i) {
                 # Command id has already been set
-                $FTPCMD=$full;
-                $FTPARG="";
+                $FTPCMD = $full;
+                $FTPARG = "";
             }
             else {
                 sendcontrol "$full BAD Command\r\n";
@@ -3239,19 +3239,19 @@ while(1) {
             }
         }
         elsif($full =~ /^([A-Z]{3,4})(\s(.*))?$/i) {
-            $FTPCMD=$1;
-            $FTPARG=$3;
+            $FTPCMD = $1;
+            $FTPARG = $3;
         }
         elsif($proto eq "pop3") {
             # POP3 authentication cancellation
             if($full =~ /^\*$/) {
-                $FTPCMD="*";
-                $FTPARG="";
+                $FTPCMD = "*";
+                $FTPARG = "";
             }
             # POP3 long "commands" are base64 authentication data
             elsif($full =~ /^[A-Z0-9+\/]*={0,2}$/i) {
-                $FTPCMD=$full;
-                $FTPARG="";
+                $FTPCMD = $full;
+                $FTPARG = "";
             }
             else {
                 sendcontrol "-ERR Unrecognized command\r\n";
@@ -3261,13 +3261,13 @@ while(1) {
         elsif($proto eq "smtp") {
             # SMTP authentication cancellation
             if($full =~ /^\*$/) {
-                $FTPCMD="*";
-                $FTPARG="";
+                $FTPCMD = "*";
+                $FTPARG = "";
             }
             # SMTP long "commands" are base64 authentication data
             elsif($full =~ /^[A-Z0-9+\/]{0,512}={0,2}$/i) {
-                $FTPCMD=$full;
-                $FTPARG="";
+                $FTPCMD = $full;
+                $FTPARG = "";
             }
             else {
                 sendcontrol "500 Unrecognized command\r\n";
@@ -3312,7 +3312,7 @@ while(1) {
             if($text && ($text ne "")) {
                 if($customcount{$FTPCMD} && (!--$customcount{$FTPCMD})) {
                     # used enough times so blank the custom command reply
-                    $commandreply{$FTPCMD}="";
+                    $commandreply{$FTPCMD} = "";
                 }
 
                 sendcontrol $text;
diff --git a/tests/getpart.pm b/tests/getpart.pm
index fd3a99915e..74c7f6cb23 100644
--- a/tests/getpart.pm
+++ b/tests/getpart.pm
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ use Memoize;
 my @xml;      # test data file contents
 my $xmlfile;  # test data filename
 
-my $warning=0;
-my $trace=0;
+my $warning = 0;
+my $trace = 0;
 
 # Normalize the part function arguments for proper caching. This includes the
 # filename in the arguments since that is an implied parameter that affects the
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ sub testcaseattr {
     my %hash;
     for(@xml) {
         if(($_ =~ /^ *\<testcase ([^>]*)/)) {
-            my $attr=$1;
+            my $attr = $1;
             while($attr =~ s/ *([^=]*)= *(\"([^\"]*)\"|\'([^\']*)\')//) {
-                my ($var, $cont)=($1, $2);
+                my ($var, $cont) = ($1, $2);
                 $cont =~ s/^\"(.*)\"$/$1/;
                 $cont =~ s/^\'(.*)\'$/$1/;
-                $hash{$var}=$cont;
+                $hash{$var} = $cont;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -82,10 +82,10 @@ sub getpartattr {
     # if $part is undefined (ie only one argument) then
     # return the attributes of the section
 
-    my ($section, $part)=@_;
+    my ($section, $part) = @_;
 
     my %hash;
-    my $inside=0;
+    my $inside = 0;
 
   # print "Section: $section, part: $part\n";
 
@@ -98,13 +98,13 @@ sub getpartattr {
                               !(defined($part)))
              ) {
             $inside++;
-            my $attr=$1;
+            my $attr = $1;
 
             while($attr =~ s/ *([^=]*)= *(\"([^\"]*)\"|\'([^\']*)\')//) {
-                my ($var, $cont)=($1, $2);
+                my ($var, $cont) = ($1, $2);
                 $cont =~ s/^\"(.*)\"$/$1/;
                 $cont =~ s/^\'(.*)\'$/$1/;
-                $hash{$var}=$cont;
+                $hash{$var} = $cont;
             }
             last;
         }
@@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ sub getpartattr {
 memoize('getpartattr', NORMALIZER => 'normalize_part');  # cache each result
 
 sub getpart {
-    my ($section, $part)=@_;
+    my ($section, $part) = @_;
 
     my @this;
-    my $inside=0;
+    my $inside = 0;
     my $line;
 
     for(@xml) {
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ sub getpart {
 memoize('getpart', NORMALIZER => 'normalize_part');  # cache each result
 
 sub partexists {
-    my ($section, $part)=@_;
+    my ($section, $part) = @_;
 
     my $inside = 0;
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ sub partexists {
 # memoize('partexists', NORMALIZER => 'normalize_part');  # cache each result
 
 sub loadtest {
-    my ($file, $original)=@_;
+    my ($file, $original) = @_;
 
     if(defined $xmlfile && $file eq $xmlfile) {
         # This test is already loaded
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ sub checktest {
 
 # write the test to the given file
 sub savetest {
-    my ($file)=@_;
+    my ($file) = @_;
 
     if(open(my $xmlh, ">", $file)) {
         binmode $xmlh; # for crapage systems, use binary
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ sub striparray {
 # pass array *REFERENCES* !
 #
 sub compareparts {
-    my ($firstref, $secondref)=@_;
+    my ($firstref, $secondref) = @_;
 
     # we cannot compare arrays index per index since with data chunks,
     # they may not be "evenly" distributed
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ sub compareparts {
 # Write a given array to the specified file
 #
 sub writearray {
-    my ($filename, $arrayref)=@_;
+    my ($filename, $arrayref) = @_;
 
     open(my $temp, ">", $filename) || die "Failure writing file";
     binmode($temp,":raw");  # Cygwin fix
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ sub writearray {
 # Load a specified file and return it as an array
 #
 sub loadarray {
-    my ($filename)=@_;
+    my ($filename) = @_;
     my @array;
 
     if(open(my $temp, "<", $filename)) {
diff --git a/tests/globalconfig.pm b/tests/globalconfig.pm
index c9a95427b2..9b3d1bf76c 100644
--- a/tests/globalconfig.pm
+++ b/tests/globalconfig.pm
@@ -90,54 +90,54 @@ use File::Spec;
 #
 
 # config variables overridden by command-line options
-our $verbose;         # 1 to show verbose test output
-our $torture;         # 1 to enable torture testing
-our $proxy_address;   # external HTTP proxy address
-our $listonly;        # only list the tests
-our $buildinfo;       # dump buildinfo.txt
-our $run_duphandle;   # run curl with --test-duphandle to verify handle duplication
-our $run_event_based; # run curl with --test-event to test the event API
-our $automakestyle;   # use automake-like test status output format
-our $anyway;          # continue anyway, even if a test fail
-our $CURLVERSION="";  # curl's reported version number
-our $CURLVERNUM="";   # curl's reported version number (without -DEV)
-our $randseed = 0;    # random number seed
-our $maxtime;         # curl command timeout override
-our $mintotal;        # minimum number of tests to run
+our $verbose;          # 1 to show verbose test output
+our $torture;          # 1 to enable torture testing
+our $proxy_address;    # external HTTP proxy address
+our $listonly;         # only list the tests
+our $buildinfo;        # dump buildinfo.txt
+our $run_duphandle;    # run curl with --test-duphandle to verify handle duplication
+our $run_event_based;  # run curl with --test-event to test the event API
+our $automakestyle;    # use automake-like test status output format
+our $anyway;           # continue anyway, even if a test fail
+our $CURLVERSION = ""; # curl's reported version number
+our $CURLVERNUM = "";  # curl's reported version number (without -DEV)
+our $randseed = 0;     # random number seed
+our $maxtime;          # curl command timeout override
+our $mintotal;         # minimum number of tests to run
 
 # paths
 our $pwd = getcwd();  # current working directory
 our $srcdir = $ENV{'srcdir'} || '.';  # root of the test source code
-our $perlcmd=shell_quote($^X);
-our $perl="$perlcmd -I. " . shell_quote("-I$srcdir"); # invoke perl like this
-our $LOGDIR="log";  # root of the log directory; this is different for
-                    # each runner in multiprocess mode
-our $LIBDIR=dirsepadd("./libtest/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || ''));
-our $UNITDIR=dirsepadd("./unit/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || ''));
-our $TUNITDIR=dirsepadd("./tunit/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || ''));
-our $SRVDIR=dirsepadd("./server/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || ''));
-our $TESTDIR="$srcdir/data";
-our $CURL=dirsepadd("../src/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || '')) .
+our $perlcmd = shell_quote($^X);
+our $perl = "$perlcmd -I. " . shell_quote("-I$srcdir"); # invoke perl like this
+our $LOGDIR = "log";  # root of the log directory; this is different for
+                      # each runner in multiprocess mode
+our $LIBDIR = dirsepadd("./libtest/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || ''));
+our $UNITDIR = dirsepadd("./unit/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || ''));
+our $TUNITDIR = dirsepadd("./tunit/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || ''));
+our $SRVDIR = dirsepadd("./server/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || ''));
+our $TESTDIR = "$srcdir/data";
+our $CURL = dirsepadd("../src/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || '')) .
     "curl".exe_ext('TOOL'); # what curl binary to run on the tests
-our $CURLINFO=dirsepadd("../src/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || '')) .
+our $CURLINFO = dirsepadd("../src/" . ($ENV{'CURL_DIRSUFFIX'} || '')) .
     "curlinfo".exe_ext('TOOL'); # what curlinfo binary to run on the tests
 
-our $VCURL=$CURL;  # what curl binary to use to verify the servers with
-                   # VCURL is handy to set to the system one when the one you
-                   # built hangs or crashes and thus prevent verification
+our $VCURL = $CURL;  # what curl binary to use to verify the servers with
+                     # VCURL is handy to set to the system one when the one you
+                     # built hangs or crashes and thus prevent verification
 # the path to the script that analyzes the memory debug output file
-our $memanalyze="$perl " . shell_quote("$srcdir/memanalyze.pl");
+our $memanalyze = "$perl " . shell_quote("$srcdir/memanalyze.pl");
 our $valgrind;     # path to valgrind, or empty if disabled
 our $dev_null = File::Spec->devnull();   # null device path, eg: /dev/null
 
 # paths in $LOGDIR
-our $LOCKDIR = "lock";          # root of the server directory with lock files
-our $PIDDIR = "server";         # root of the server directory with PID files
-our $SERVERIN="server.input";   # what curl sent the server
-our $PROXYIN="proxy.input";     # what curl sent the proxy
-our $MEMDUMP="memdump";         # file that the memory debugging creates
-our $SERVERCMD="server.cmd";    # copy server instructions here
-our $DNSCMD="dnsd.cmd";         # write DNS instructions here
+our $LOCKDIR = "lock";           # root of the server directory with lock files
+our $PIDDIR = "server";          # root of the server directory with PID files
+our $SERVERIN = "server.input";  # what curl sent the server
+our $PROXYIN = "proxy.input";    # what curl sent the proxy
+our $MEMDUMP = "memdump";        # file that the memory debugging creates
+our $SERVERCMD = "server.cmd";   # copy server instructions here
+our $DNSCMD = "dnsd.cmd";        # write DNS instructions here
 
 # other config variables
 our @protocols;   # array of lowercase supported protocol servers
diff --git a/tests/http2-server.pl b/tests/http2-server.pl
index 3ab38803f1..0729a00593 100755
--- a/tests/http2-server.pl
+++ b/tests/http2-server.pl
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ while(@ARGV) {
 my $certfile = abs_path("certs/$cert.pem");
 my $keyfile = abs_path("certs/$cert.key");
 
-my $cmdline="$nghttpx --backend=$connect ".
+my $cmdline = "$nghttpx --backend=$connect ".
     "--backend-keep-alive-timeout=500ms ".
     "--frontend=\"*,$listenport;no-tls\" ".
     "--frontend=\"*,$listenport2\" ".
diff --git a/tests/http3-server.pl b/tests/http3-server.pl
index 13cc49a9df..b86a6a58b3 100755
--- a/tests/http3-server.pl
+++ b/tests/http3-server.pl
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ while(@ARGV) {
 my $certfile = abs_path("certs/$cert.pem");
 my $keyfile = abs_path("certs/$cert.key");
 
-my $cmdline="$nghttpx --http2-proxy --backend=$connect ".
+my $cmdline = "$nghttpx --http2-proxy --backend=$connect ".
     "--backend-keep-alive-timeout=500ms ".
     "--frontend=\"*,$listenport\" ".
     "--frontend=\"*,$listenport;quic\" ".
diff --git a/tests/libtest/mk-lib1521.pl b/tests/libtest/mk-lib1521.pl
index 71c80b0039..6590d5257a 100755
--- a/tests/libtest/mk-lib1521.pl
+++ b/tests/libtest/mk-lib1521.pl
@@ -442,10 +442,10 @@ while(<STDIN>) {
         next;
     }
     if($_ =~ /^CURLOPT(?:DEPRECATED)?\(([^ ]*), ([^ ]*), (\d*)[,)]/) {
-        my ($name, $type, $val)=($1, $2, $3);
-        my $w="  ";
-        my $w2="$w$w";
-        my $w3="$w$w$w";
+        my ($name, $type, $val) = ($1, $2, $3);
+        my $w = "  ";
+        my $w2 = "$w$w";
+        my $w3 = "$w$w$w";
         my $opt = $name;
         $opt =~ s/^CURLOPT_//;
         my $exists = "${w}{\n";
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ MOO
         }
         elsif($type eq "CURLOPTTYPE_FUNCTIONPOINT") {
             if($name =~ /([^ ]*)FUNCTION/) {
-                my $l=lc($1);
+                my $l = lc($1);
                 $l =~ s/^curlopt_//;
                 print $fh "${fpref}\n$i${l}cb);\n$fcheck";
             }
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ MOO
     }
     elsif($infomode &&
           ($_ =~ /^CURLINFO_([^ ]*) *= *CURLINFO_([^ ]*)/)) {
-       my ($info, $type)=($1, $2);
+       my ($info, $type) = ($1, $2);
        my $c = "  result = curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_$info,";
        my $check = "  if(result)\n    t1521_geterr(\"$info\", result, __LINE__);\n";
        if($type eq "STRING") {
diff --git a/tests/libtest/test1013.pl b/tests/libtest/test1013.pl
index e03e99af43..154c4227a6 100755
--- a/tests/libtest/test1013.pl
+++ b/tests/libtest/test1013.pl
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ if($#ARGV != 2) {
     exit 3;
 }
 
-my $what=$ARGV[2];
+my $what = $ARGV[2];
 
 # Read the output of curl --version
-my $curl_protocols="";
+my $curl_protocols = "";
 open(CURL, $ARGV[1]) || die "Cannot get curl $what list\n";
 while(<CURL>) {
     $curl_protocols = $_ if(/$what:/i);
diff --git a/tests/libtest/test1022.pl b/tests/libtest/test1022.pl
index c25ae3ce6c..49e295433b 100755
--- a/tests/libtest/test1022.pl
+++ b/tests/libtest/test1022.pl
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ if($#ARGV != 2) {
     exit 3;
 }
 
-my $what=$ARGV[2];
+my $what = $ARGV[2];
 
 # Read the output of curl --version
 open(CURL, $ARGV[1]) || die "Cannot open curl --version list in $ARGV[1]\n";
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ my $curlconfigversion;
 open(CURLCONFIG, '-|', 'sh', $ARGV[0], "--$what") || die "Cannot get curl-config --$what list\n";
 $_ = <CURLCONFIG>;
 chomp;
-my $filever=$_;
+my $filever = $_;
 if($what eq "version") {
     if($filever =~ /^libcurl ([\.\d]+((-DEV)|(-rc\d)|(-\d+))?)$/) {
         $curlconfigversion = $1;
diff --git a/tests/memanalyze.pl b/tests/memanalyze.pl
index e30b263c41..15382e527a 100755
--- a/tests/memanalyze.pl
+++ b/tests/memanalyze.pl
@@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ my $trace = 0;
 
 while(@ARGV) {
     if($ARGV[0] eq "-v") {
-        $verbose=1;
+        $verbose = 1;
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-t") {
-        $trace=1;
+        $trace = 1;
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-l") {
         # only show what alloc that caused a memlimit failure
-        $showlimit=1;
+        $showlimit = 1;
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     else {
diff --git a/tests/memanalyzer.pm b/tests/memanalyzer.pm
index 2a395da2e0..110b39d241 100644
--- a/tests/memanalyzer.pm
+++ b/tests/memanalyzer.pm
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ my $memsum;
 my $maxmem;
 
 sub newtotal {
-    my ($newtot)=@_;
+    my ($newtot) = @_;
     # count a max here
 
     if($newtot > $maxmem) {
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ sub memanalyze {
                     newtotal($totalmem);
                     $frees++;
 
-                    $sizeataddr{$addr}=-1; # set -1 to mark as freed
-                    $getmem{$addr}="$source:$linenum";
+                    $sizeataddr{$addr} = -1; # set -1 to mark as freed
+                    $getmem{$addr} = "$source:$linenum";
                 }
             }
             elsif($function =~ /malloc\((\d*)\) = 0x([0-9a-f]*)/) {
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ sub memanalyze {
                 newtotal($totalmem);
                 $mallocs++;
 
-                $getmem{$addr}="$source:$linenum";
+                $getmem{$addr} = "$source:$linenum";
             }
             elsif($function =~ /calloc\((\d*),(\d*)\) = 0x([0-9a-f]*)/) {
                 $size = $1 * $2;
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ sub memanalyze {
                 newtotal($totalmem);
                 $callocs++;
 
-                $getmem{$addr}="$source:$linenum";
+                $getmem{$addr} = "$source:$linenum";
             }
             elsif($function =~ /realloc\((\(nil\)|0x([0-9a-f]*)), (\d*)\) = 0x([0-9a-f]*)/) {
                 my ($oldaddr, $newsize, $newaddr) = ($2, $3, $4);
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ sub memanalyze {
                 newtotal($totalmem);
                 $reallocs++;
 
-                $getmem{$newaddr}="$source:$linenum";
+                $getmem{$newaddr} = "$source:$linenum";
             }
             elsif($function =~ /strdup\(0x([0-9a-f]*)\) \((\d*)\) = 0x([0-9a-f]*)/) {
                 # strdup(a5b50) (8) = df7c0
@@ -258,8 +258,8 @@ sub memanalyze {
                 $dup = $1;
                 $size = $2;
                 $addr = $3;
-                $getmem{$addr}="$source:$linenum";
-                $sizeataddr{$addr}=$size;
+                $getmem{$addr} = "$source:$linenum";
+                $sizeataddr{$addr} = $size;
 
                 $totalmem += $size;
                 $memsum += $size;
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ sub memanalyze {
                     push @res, "Close without open: $line\n";
                 }
                 else {
-                    $filedes{$1}=0; # closed now
+                    $filedes{$1} = 0; # closed now
                     $openfile--;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/tests/pathhelp.pm b/tests/pathhelp.pm
index e481255a3a..500e43f125 100644
--- a/tests/pathhelp.pm
+++ b/tests/pathhelp.pm
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ sub dirsepadd {
 # This does the same thing as String::ShellQuote but does not need a package.
 #
 sub shell_quote {
-    my ($s)=@_;
+    my ($s) = @_;
     if($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
         $s = '"' . $s . '"';
     }
diff --git a/tests/runtests.pl b/tests/runtests.pl
index a8072e32cd..14c07a39a7 100755
--- a/tests/runtests.pl
+++ b/tests/runtests.pl
@@ -106,16 +106,16 @@ use memanalyzer;
 
 my %custom_skip_reasons;
 
-my $ACURL=$VCURL;  # what curl binary to use to talk to APIs (relevant for CI)
-                   # ACURL is handy to set to the system one for reliability
-my $CURLCONFIG="../curl-config"; # curl-config from current build
+my $ACURL = $VCURL;  # what curl binary to use to talk to APIs (relevant for CI)
+                     # ACURL is handy to set to the system one for reliability
+my $CURLCONFIG = "../curl-config"; # curl-config from current build
 
 # Normally, all test cases should be run, but at times it is handy to
 # run a particular one:
-my $TESTCASES="all";
+my $TESTCASES = "all";
 
 # To run specific test cases, set them like:
-# $TESTCASES="1 2 3 7 8";
+# $TESTCASES = "1 2 3 7 8";
 
 #######################################################################
 # No variables below this point should need to be modified
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ sub logmsg {
 # enable logmsg buffering for the given runner ID
 #
 sub logmsg_bufferfortest {
-    my ($runnerid)=@_;
+    my ($runnerid) = @_;
     if($jobs) {
         # Only enable buffering in multiprocess mode
         $singletest_bufferedrunner = $runnerid;
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ if(!$ENV{"NGHTTPX"}) {
 }
 if($ENV{"NGHTTPX"}) {
     my $cmd = "\"$ENV{'NGHTTPX'}\" -v 2>$dev_null";
-    my $nghttpx_version=join(' ', `$cmd`);
+    my $nghttpx_version = join(' ', `$cmd`);
     $nghttpx_h3 = $nghttpx_version =~ /nghttp3\//;
     chomp $nghttpx_h3;
 }
@@ -384,10 +384,10 @@ sub cleardir {
 # Given two array references, this function will store them in two temporary
 # files, run 'diff' on them, store the result and return the diff output!
 sub showdiff {
-    my ($logdir, $firstref, $secondref)=@_;
+    my ($logdir, $firstref, $secondref) = @_;
 
-    my $file1="$logdir/check-generated";
-    my $file2="$logdir/check-expected";
+    my $file1 = "$logdir/check-generated";
+    my $file2 = "$logdir/check-expected";
 
     open(my $temp, ">", $file1) || die "Failure writing diff file";
     for(@$firstref) {
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ sub showdiff {
 # some pattern that is allowed to differ, output test results
 #
 sub compare {
-    my ($runnerid, $testnum, $testname, $subject, $firstref, $secondref)=@_;
+    my ($runnerid, $testnum, $testname, $subject, $firstref, $secondref) = @_;
 
     my $result = compareparts($firstref, $secondref);
 
@@ -454,14 +454,14 @@ sub compare {
 #######################################################################
 # Numeric-sort words in a string
 sub numsortwords {
-    my ($string)=@_;
+    my ($string) = @_;
     return join(' ', sort { $a <=> $b } split(' ', $string));
 }
 
 #######################################################################
 # Parse and store the protocols in curl's Protocols: line
 sub parseprotocols {
-    my ($line)=@_;
+    my ($line) = @_;
 
     @protocols = split(' ', lc($line));
 
@@ -512,13 +512,13 @@ sub checksystemfeatures {
     my $libcurl;
     my $versretval;
     my $versnoexec;
-    my @version=();
+    my @version = ();
     my @disabled;
     my $dis = "";
 
-    my $curlverout="$LOGDIR/curlverout.log";
-    my $curlvererr="$LOGDIR/curlvererr.log";
-    my $versioncmd=exerunner() . shell_quote($CURL) . " --version 1>$curlverout 2>$curlvererr";
+    my $curlverout = "$LOGDIR/curlverout.log";
+    my $curlvererr = "$LOGDIR/curlvererr.log";
+    my $versioncmd = exerunner() . shell_quote($CURL) . " --version 1>$curlverout 2>$curlvererr";
 
     unlink($curlverout);
     unlink($curlvererr);
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ sub checksystemfeatures {
         $dis = join(", ", @disabled);
     }
 
-    $resolver="stock";
+    $resolver = "stock";
     for(@version) {
         chomp;
 
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ sub checksystemfeatures {
             }
             if($libcurl =~ /ares/i) {
                 $feature{"c-ares"} = 1;
-                $resolver="c-ares";
+                $resolver = "c-ares";
             }
             if($libcurl =~ /nghttp2/i) {
                 # nghttp2 supports h2c
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ sub checksystemfeatures {
                 if(!$feature{"c-ares"} || $feature{"asyn-rr"}) {
                     # this means threaded resolver
                     $feature{"threaded-resolver"} = 1;
-                    $resolver="threaded";
+                    $resolver = "threaded";
 
                     # does not count as "real" c-ares
                     $feature{"c-ares"} = 0;
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ sub checksystemfeatures {
             my $add_httptls;
             for(@protocols) {
                 if($_ =~ /^https(-ipv6|)$/) {
-                    $add_httptls=1;
+                    $add_httptls = 1;
                     last;
                 }
             }
@@ -857,11 +857,11 @@ sub checksystemfeatures {
             "TrackMemory feature (--enable-debug)";
     }
 
-    my $hostname=join(' ', runclientoutput("hostname"));
+    my $hostname = join(' ', runclientoutput("hostname"));
     chomp $hostname;
-    my $hosttype=join(' ', runclientoutput("uname -a"));
+    my $hosttype = join(' ', runclientoutput("uname -a"));
     chomp $hosttype;
-    my $hostos=$^O;
+    my $hostos = $^O;
 
     # display summary information about curl and the test host
     logmsg("********* System characteristics ******** \n",
@@ -1008,7 +1008,7 @@ sub citest_finishtestrun {
 
 # add one set of test timings from the runner to global set
 sub updatetesttimings {
-    my ($testnum, %testtimings)=@_;
+    my ($testnum, %testtimings) = @_;
 
     if(defined $testtimings{"timeprepini"}) {
         $timeprepini{$testnum} = $testtimings{"timeprepini"};
@@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ sub singletest_count {
     if($why && !$listonly) {
         # there is a problem, count it as "skipped"
         $skipped{$why}++;
-        $teststat[$testnum]=$why; # store reason for this test case
+        $teststat[$testnum] = $why; # store reason for this test case
 
         if(!$short) {
             if($skipped{$why} <= 3) {
@@ -1242,7 +1242,7 @@ sub normalize_text {
 #######################################################################
 # Verify test succeeded
 sub singletest_check {
-    my ($runnerid, $testnum, $cmdres, $CURLOUT, $tool, $usedvalgrind)=@_;
+    my ($runnerid, $testnum, $cmdres, $CURLOUT, $tool, $usedvalgrind) = @_;
 
     # Skip all the verification on torture tests
     if($torture) {
@@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@ sub singletest_check {
     my $logdir = getrunnerlogdir($runnerid);
     my @err = getpart("verify", "errorcode");
     my $errorcode = $err[0] || "0";
-    my $ok="";
+    my $ok = "";
     my $res;
     chomp $errorcode;
     my $testname= (getpart("client", "name"))[0];
@@ -1297,7 +1297,7 @@ sub singletest_check {
         }
 
         # get the mode attribute
-        my $filemode=$hash{'mode'};
+        my $filemode = $hash{'mode'};
         if($filemode && ($filemode eq "text")) {
             normalize_text(\@validstdout);
             normalize_text(\@actual);
@@ -1351,7 +1351,7 @@ sub singletest_check {
         my %hash = getpartattr("verify", "stderr");
 
         # get the mode attribute
-        my $filemode=$hash{'mode'};
+        my $filemode = $hash{'mode'};
         if($filemode && ($filemode eq "text")) {
             normalize_text(\@validstderr);
             normalize_text(\@actual);
@@ -1470,7 +1470,7 @@ sub singletest_check {
             if(@replycheckpart) {
                 my %replycheckpartattr = getpartattr("reply", "datacheck".$partsuffix);
                 # get the mode attribute
-                my $filemode=$replycheckpartattr{'mode'};
+                my $filemode = $replycheckpartattr{'mode'};
                 if($filemode && ($filemode eq "text")) {
                     normalize_text(\@replycheckpart);
                 }
@@ -1501,7 +1501,7 @@ sub singletest_check {
             }
         }
         # get the mode attribute
-        my $filemode=$replyattr{'mode'};
+        my $filemode = $replyattr{'mode'};
         if($filemode && ($filemode eq "text")) {
             normalize_text(\@reply);
         }
@@ -1520,7 +1520,7 @@ sub singletest_check {
         my @out = loadarray($CURLOUT);
 
         # get the mode attribute
-        my $filemode=$replyattr{'mode'};
+        my $filemode = $replyattr{'mode'};
         if($filemode && ($filemode eq "text")) {
             normalize_text(\@out);
         }
@@ -1625,12 +1625,12 @@ sub singletest_check {
 
     my $outputok;
     for my $partsuffix (('', '1', '2', '3', '4')) {
-        my @outfile=getpart("verify", "file".$partsuffix);
+        my @outfile = getpart("verify", "file".$partsuffix);
         if(@outfile || partexists("verify", "file".$partsuffix) ) {
             # we are supposed to verify a dynamically generated file!
             my %hash = getpartattr("verify", "file".$partsuffix);
 
-            my $filename=$hash{'name'};
+            my $filename = $hash{'name'};
             if(!$filename) {
                 logmsg " $testnum: IGNORED: section verify=>file$partsuffix ".
                        "has no name attribute\n";
@@ -1655,12 +1655,12 @@ sub singletest_check {
                 $timevrfyend{$testnum} = Time::HiRes::time();
                 return -1;
             }
-            my @generated=loadarray($filename);
+            my @generated = loadarray($filename);
 
             # what parts to cut off from the file
             my @stripfilepar = getpart("verify", "stripfile".$partsuffix);
 
-            my $filemode=$hash{'mode'};
+            my $filemode = $hash{'mode'};
             if($filemode && ($filemode eq "text")) {
                 normalize_text(\@outfile);
                 normalize_text(\@generated);
@@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@ sub singletest_check {
     if(@dnsd) {
         # we are supposed to verify a dynamically generated file!
         my %hash = getpartattr("verify", "dns");
-        my $hostname=$hash{'host'};
+        my $hostname = $hash{'host'};
 
         # Verify the sent DNS requests
         my @out = loadarray("$logdir/dnsd.input");
@@ -1775,12 +1775,12 @@ sub singletest_check {
         }
         else {
             my @memdata = memanalyze("$logdir/$MEMDUMP", 0, 0, 0);
-            my $leak=0;
+            my $leak = 0;
             for(@memdata) {
                 if($_ ne "") {
                     # well it could be other memory problems as well, but
                     # we call it leak for short here
-                    $leak=1;
+                    $leak = 1;
                 }
             }
             if($leak) {
@@ -1925,12 +1925,12 @@ sub singletest_check {
 #######################################################################
 # Report a successful test
 sub singletest_success {
-    my ($testnum, $count, $total, $errorreturncode)=@_;
+    my ($testnum, $count, $total, $errorreturncode) = @_;
 
     my $sofar= time()-$start;
     my $esttotal = $sofar/$count * $total;
     my $estleft = $esttotal - $sofar;
-    my $timeleft=sprintf("remaining: %02d:%02d",
+    my $timeleft = sprintf("remaining: %02d:%02d",
                      $estleft / 60,
                      $estleft % 60);
     my $took = $timevrfyend{$testnum} - $timeprepini{$testnum};
@@ -1946,7 +1946,7 @@ sub singletest_success {
         logmsg "PASS: $testnum - $testname\n";
     }
 
-    if($errorreturncode==2) {
+    if($errorreturncode == 2) {
         # ignored test success
         $passedign .= "$testnum ";
         logmsg "Warning: test$testnum result is ignored, but passed!\n";
@@ -1962,7 +1962,7 @@ sub singletest_success {
 # arrived.
 #
 sub singletest {
-    my ($runnerid, $testnum, $count, $total)=@_;
+    my ($runnerid, $testnum, $count, $total) = @_;
 
     # start buffering logmsg; stop it on return
     logmsg_bufferfortest($runnerid);
@@ -2283,7 +2283,7 @@ sub runtimestats {
 # 0=unknown test, 1=use test result, 2=ignore test result
 #
 sub ignoreresultcode {
-    my ($testnum)=@_;
+    my ($testnum) = @_;
     if(defined $ignoretestcodes{$testnum}) {
         return $ignoretestcodes{$testnum};
     }
@@ -2294,7 +2294,7 @@ sub ignoreresultcode {
 # Put the given runner ID onto the queue of runners ready for a new task
 #
 sub runnerready {
-    my ($runnerid)=@_;
+    my ($runnerid) = @_;
     push @runnersidle, $runnerid;
 }
 
@@ -2302,7 +2302,7 @@ sub runnerready {
 # Create test runners
 #
 sub createrunners {
-    my ($numrunners)=@_;
+    my ($numrunners) = @_;
     if(! $numrunners) {
         $numrunners++;
     }
@@ -2320,7 +2320,7 @@ sub createrunners {
 # Pick a test runner for the given test
 #
 sub pickrunner {
-    my ($testnum)=@_;
+    my ($testnum) = @_;
     scalar(@runnersidle) || die "No runners available";
 
     return pop @runnersidle;
@@ -2340,17 +2340,17 @@ if(@ARGV && $ARGV[-1] eq '$TFLAGS') {
 $args = join(' ', @ARGV);
 
 $valgrind = checktestcmd("valgrind");
-my $number=0;
-my $fromnum=-1;
+my $number = 0;
+my $fromnum = -1;
 my @testthis;
 while(@ARGV) {
     if($ARGV[0] eq "-v") {
         # verbose output
-        $verbose=1;
+        $verbose = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-c") {
         # use this path to curl instead of default
-        $DBGCURL=$CURL=$ARGV[1];
+        $DBGCURL = $CURL = $ARGV[1];
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-vc") {
@@ -2360,29 +2360,29 @@ while(@ARGV) {
         # the development version as then it will not be able to run any tests
         # since it cannot verify the servers!
 
-        $VCURL=shell_quote($ARGV[1]);
+        $VCURL = shell_quote($ARGV[1]);
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-ac") {
         # use this curl only to talk to APIs (currently only CI test APIs)
-        $ACURL=shell_quote($ARGV[1]);
+        $ACURL = shell_quote($ARGV[1]);
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-d") {
         # have the servers display protocol output
-        $debugprotocol=1;
+        $debugprotocol = 1;
     }
     elsif(($ARGV[0] eq "-e") || ($ARGV[0] eq "--test-event")) {
         # run the tests cases event based if possible
-        $run_event_based=1;
+        $run_event_based = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "--test-duphandle") {
         # run the tests with --test-duphandle
-        $run_duphandle=1;
+        $run_duphandle = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-f") {
         # force - run the test case even if listed in DISABLED
-        $run_disabled=1;
+        $run_disabled = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-E") {
         # load additional reasons to skip tests
@@ -2408,33 +2408,33 @@ while(@ARGV) {
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-g") {
         # run this test with gdb
-        $gdbthis=1;
+        $gdbthis = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-gl") {
         # run this test with lldb
-        $gdbthis=2;
+        $gdbthis = 2;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-gw") {
         # run this test with windowed gdb
-        $gdbthis=1;
-        $gdbxwin=1;
+        $gdbthis = 1;
+        $gdbxwin = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-s") {
         # short output
-        $short=1;
+        $short = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-am") {
         # automake-style output
-        $short=1;
-        $automakestyle=1;
+        $short = 1;
+        $automakestyle = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /-m=(\d+)/) {
-        my ($num)=($1);
-        $maxtime=$num;
+        my ($num) = ($1);
+        $maxtime = $num;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /--min=(\d+)/) {
-        my ($num)=($1);
-        $mintotal=$num;
+        my ($num) = ($1);
+        $mintotal = $num;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-n") {
         # no valgrind
@@ -2446,11 +2446,11 @@ while(@ARGV) {
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-R") {
         # execute in scrambled order
-        $scrambleorder=1;
+        $scrambleorder = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /^-t(.*)/) {
         # torture
-        $torture=1;
+        $torture = 1;
         my $xtra = $1;
 
         if($xtra =~ s/(\d+)$//) {
@@ -2460,8 +2460,8 @@ while(@ARGV) {
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /--shallow=(\d+)/) {
         # Fail no more than this amount per tests when running
         # torture.
-        my ($num)=($1);
-        $shallow=$num;
+        my ($num) = ($1);
+        $shallow = $num;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /--repeat=(\d+)/) {
         # Repeat-run the given tests this many times
@@ -2477,7 +2477,7 @@ while(@ARGV) {
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-a") {
         # continue anyway, even if a test fail
-        $anyway=1;
+        $anyway = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-o") {
         shift @ARGV;
@@ -2489,11 +2489,11 @@ while(@ARGV) {
         }
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-p") {
-        $postmortem=1;
+        $postmortem = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-P") {
         shift @ARGV;
-        $proxy_address=$ARGV[0];
+        $proxy_address = $ARGV[0];
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-L") {
         # require additional library file
@@ -2502,14 +2502,14 @@ while(@ARGV) {
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-l") {
         # lists the test case names only
-        $listonly=1;
+        $listonly = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "--buildinfo") {
-        $buildinfo=1;
+        $buildinfo = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /^-j(.*)/) {
         # parallel jobs
-        $jobs=1;
+        $jobs = 1;
         my $xtra = $1;
         if($xtra =~ s/(\d+)$//) {
             $jobs = $1;
@@ -2517,7 +2517,7 @@ while(@ARGV) {
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-k") {
         # keep stdout and stderr files after tests
-        $keepoutfiles=1;
+        $keepoutfiles = 1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-r") {
         # run time statistics needs Time::HiRes
@@ -2530,8 +2530,8 @@ while(@ARGV) {
             keys(%timetoolend) = 2000;
             keys(%timesrvrlog) = 2000;
             keys(%timevrfyend) = 2000;
-            $timestats=1;
-            $fullstats=0;
+            $timestats = 1;
+            $fullstats = 0;
         }
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-rf") {
@@ -2545,13 +2545,13 @@ while(@ARGV) {
             keys(%timetoolend) = 2000;
             keys(%timesrvrlog) = 2000;
             keys(%timevrfyend) = 2000;
-            $timestats=1;
-            $fullstats=1;
+            $timestats = 1;
+            $fullstats = 1;
         }
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] eq "-u") {
         # error instead of warning on server unexpectedly alive
-        $err_unexpected=1;
+        $err_unexpected = 1;
     }
     elsif(($ARGV[0] eq "-h") || ($ARGV[0] eq "--help")) {
         # show help text
@@ -2620,20 +2620,20 @@ EOHELP
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /^!(\d+)/) {
         $fromnum = -1;
-        $disabled{$1}=$1;
+        $disabled{$1} = $1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /^~(\d+)/) {
         $fromnum = -1;
-        $ignored{$1}=$1;
+        $ignored{$1} = $1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /^!(.+)/) {
-        $disabled_keywords{lc($1)}=$1;
+        $disabled_keywords{lc($1)} = $1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /^~(.+)/) {
-        $ignored_keywords{lc($1)}=$1;
+        $ignored_keywords{lc($1)} = $1;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /^([-[{a-zA-Z].*)/) {
-        $enabled_keywords{lc($1)}=$1;
+        $enabled_keywords{lc($1)} = $1;
     }
     else {
         print "Unknown option: $ARGV[0]\n";
@@ -2645,8 +2645,7 @@ EOHELP
 delete $ENV{'DEBUGINFOD_URLS'} if($ENV{'DEBUGINFOD_URLS'} && $no_debuginfod);
 
 if(!$randseed) {
-    my ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) =
-        localtime(time);
+    my ($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year, $wday, $yday, $isdst) = localtime(time);
     # seed of the month. December 2019 becomes 201912
     $randseed = ($year + 1900) * 100 + $mon + 1;
     print "Using curl: $CURL\n";
@@ -2661,7 +2660,7 @@ if(!$randseed) {
 srand $randseed;
 
 if(@testthis && ($testthis[0] ne "")) {
-    $TESTCASES=join(" ", @testthis);
+    $TESTCASES = join(" ", @testthis);
 }
 
 if($valgrind) {
@@ -2681,27 +2680,27 @@ if($valgrind) {
         # that old version any longer and delete this check)
         runclient("valgrind --help 2>&1 | grep -- --tool >$dev_null 2>&1");
         if(($? >> 8)) {
-            $valgrind_tool="";
+            $valgrind_tool = "";
         }
         open(my $curlh, "<", $CURL);
         my $l = <$curlh>;
         if($l =~ /^\#\!/) {
             # A shell script. This is typically when built with libtool,
-            $valgrind="../libtool --mode=execute $valgrind";
+            $valgrind = "../libtool --mode=execute $valgrind";
         }
         close($curlh);
 
         # valgrind 3 renamed the --logfile option to --log-file!!!
         # (this happened in 2005, so we could probably do not need to care about
         # that old version any longer and delete this check)
-        my $ver=join(' ', runclientoutput("valgrind --version"));
+        my $ver = join(' ', runclientoutput("valgrind --version"));
         # cut off all but digits and dots
         $ver =~ s/[^0-9.]//g;
 
         if($ver =~ /^(\d+)/) {
             $ver = $1;
             if($ver < 3) {
-                $valgrind_logfile="--logfile";
+                $valgrind_logfile = "--logfile";
             }
         }
     }
@@ -2804,7 +2803,7 @@ sub disabledtests {
         for my $t (@pp) {
             if($t =~ /(\d+)/) {
                 my ($n) = $1;
-                $disabled{$n}=$n; # disable this test number
+                $disabled{$n} = $n; # disable this test number
                 if(! -f "$srcdir/data/test$n") {
                     print STDERR "WARNING! Non-existing test $n in $file!\n";
                     # fail hard to make user notice
@@ -2834,7 +2833,7 @@ if($TESTCASES eq "all") {
     my @cmds = grep { /^test([0-9]+)$/ && -f "$TESTDIR/$_" } readdir(DIR);
     closedir(DIR);
 
-    $TESTCASES=""; # start with no test cases
+    $TESTCASES = ""; # start with no test cases
 
     # cut off everything but the digits
     for(@cmds) {
@@ -2846,17 +2845,17 @@ if($TESTCASES eq "all") {
             # skip disabled test cases
             my $why = "configured as DISABLED";
             $skipped{$why}++;
-            $teststat[$n]=$why; # store reason for this test case
+            $teststat[$n] = $why; # store reason for this test case
             next;
         }
         $TESTCASES .= " $n";
     }
 }
 else {
-    my $verified="";
+    my $verified = "";
     for(split(" ", $TESTCASES)) {
         if(-e "$TESTDIR/test$_") {
-            $verified.="$_ ";
+            $verified .= "$_ ";
         }
     }
     if($verified eq "") {
@@ -2884,7 +2883,7 @@ if($scrambleorder) {
         }
         my $r = rand @all;
         push @rand, $all[$r];
-        $all[$r]="";
+        $all[$r] = "";
         $TESTCASES = join(" ", @all);
     }
     $TESTCASES = join(" ", @rand);
@@ -2893,7 +2892,7 @@ if($scrambleorder) {
 # Display the contents of the given file.  Line endings are canonicalized
 # and excessively long files are elided
 sub displaylogcontent {
-    my ($file)=@_;
+    my ($file) = @_;
     if(open(my $single, "<", $file)) {
         my $linecount = 0;
         my $truncate;
@@ -2931,7 +2930,7 @@ sub displaylogcontent {
 }
 
 sub displaylogs {
-    my ($runnerid, $testnum)=@_;
+    my ($runnerid, $testnum) = @_;
     my $logdir = getrunnerlogdir($runnerid);
     opendir(DIR, $logdir) ||
         die "cannot open dir: $!";
@@ -2995,15 +2994,15 @@ sub displaylogs {
 my $failed;
 my $failedign;
 my $failedre;
-my $ok=0;
-my $ign=0;
-my $total=0;
-my $executed=0;
-my $retry_done=0;
-my $lasttest=0;
+my $ok = 0;
+my $ign = 0;
+my $total = 0;
+my $executed = 0;
+my $retry_done = 0;
+my $lasttest = 0;
 my @at = split(" ", $TESTCASES);
-my $count=0;
-my $endwaitcnt=0;
+my $count = 0;
+my $endwaitcnt = 0;
 
 $start = time();
 
@@ -3265,7 +3264,7 @@ if($all) {
 }
 
 if(%skipped && !$short) {
-    my $s=0;
+    my $s = 0;
     # Temporary hash to print the restraints sorted by the number
     # of their occurrences
     my %restraints;
@@ -3279,7 +3278,7 @@ if(%skipped && !$short) {
 
         # now gather all test case numbers that had this reason for being
         # skipped
-        my $c=0;
+        my $c = 0;
         my $max = 9;
         for(0 .. scalar @teststat) {
             my $t = $_;
diff --git a/tests/secureserver.pl b/tests/secureserver.pl
index 7e64e1d894..d0da33e352 100755
--- a/tests/secureserver.pl
+++ b/tests/secureserver.pl
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ use pathhelp;
 
 my $stunnel = "stunnel";
 
-my $verbose=0; # set to 1 for debugging
+my $verbose = 0; # set to 1 for debugging
 
 my $accept_port = 8991; # our default, weird enough
 my $target_port = 8999; # default test http-server port
diff --git a/tests/serverhelp.pm b/tests/serverhelp.pm
index 7544c8b62f..66c971b499 100644
--- a/tests/serverhelp.pm
+++ b/tests/serverhelp.pm
@@ -77,8 +77,7 @@ our $logfile;  # server log filename, for logmsg
 #
 sub logmsg {
     my ($seconds, $usec) = Time::HiRes::gettimeofday();
-    my ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) =
-        localtime($seconds);
+    my ($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year, $wday, $yday, $isdst) = localtime($seconds);
     my $now = sprintf("%02d:%02d:%02d.%06d ", $hour, $min, $sec, $usec);
     # we see warnings on Windows run that $logfile is used uninitialized
     # TODO: not found yet where this comes from
diff --git a/tests/servers.pm b/tests/servers.pm
index 33fcaaa550..166050758e 100644
--- a/tests/servers.pm
+++ b/tests/servers.pm
@@ -119,32 +119,32 @@ use testutil qw(
 
 my %serverpidfile; # all server pid filenames, identified by server id
 my %serverportfile;# all server port filenames, identified by server id
-my $sshdvernum;  # for socks server, ssh daemon version number
-my $sshdverstr;  # for socks server, ssh daemon version string
-my $sshderror;   # for socks server, ssh daemon version error
-my %doesntrun;    # servers that do not work, identified by pidfile
+my $sshdvernum;    # for socks server, ssh daemon version number
+my $sshdverstr;    # for socks server, ssh daemon version string
+my $sshderror;     # for socks server, ssh daemon version error
+my %doesntrun;     # servers that do not work, identified by pidfile
 my %PORT = (nolisten => 47); # port we use for a local non-listening service
-my $server_response_maxtime=13;
+my $server_response_maxtime = 13;
 my $httptlssrv = find_httptlssrv();
-my %run;          # running server
-my %runcert;      # cert file currently in use by an SSL running server
-my $CLIENTIP="127.0.0.1";  # address which curl uses for incoming connections
-my $CLIENT6IP="[::1]";     # address which curl uses for incoming connections
+my %run;           # running server
+my %runcert;       # cert file currently in use by an SSL running server
+my $CLIENTIP = "127.0.0.1";  # address which curl uses for incoming connections
+my $CLIENT6IP = "[::1]";     # address which curl uses for incoming connections
 my $posix_pwd = build_sys_abs_path($pwd);  # current working directory in POSIX format
-my $h2cver = "h2c"; # this version is decided by the nghttp2 lib being used
-my $HOSTIP="127.0.0.1";    # address on which the test server listens
-my $HOST6IP="[::1]";       # address on which the test server listens
-my $HTTPUNIXPATH;          # HTTP server Unix domain socket path
-my $SOCKSUNIXPATH;         # socks server Unix domain socket path
+my $h2cver = "h2c";          # this version is decided by the nghttp2 lib being used
+my $HOSTIP = "127.0.0.1";    # address on which the test server listens
+my $HOST6IP = "[::1]";       # address on which the test server listens
+my $HTTPUNIXPATH;            # HTTP server Unix domain socket path
+my $SOCKSUNIXPATH;           # socks server Unix domain socket path
 my $SSHSRVMD5 = "[uninitialized]";    # MD5 of ssh server public key
 my $SSHSRVSHA256 = "[uninitialized]"; # SHA256 of ssh server public key
-my $USER;                  # name of the current user
-my $sshdid;                # for socks server, ssh daemon version id
-my $ftpchecktime=1;        # time it took to verify our test FTP server
+my $USER;                    # name of the current user
+my $sshdid;                  # for socks server, ssh daemon version id
+my $ftpchecktime = 1;        # time it took to verify our test FTP server
 my $SERVER_TIMEOUT_SEC = 15; # time for a server to spin up
 
 # Variables shared with runtests.pl
-our $SOCKSIN="socksd-request.log"; # what curl sent to the SOCKS proxy
+our $SOCKSIN = "socksd-request.log"; # what curl sent to the SOCKS proxy
 our $err_unexpected; # error instead of warning on server unexpectedly alive
 our $debugprotocol;  # nonzero for verbose server logs
 our $stunnel;        # path to stunnel command
@@ -153,15 +153,15 @@ our $stunnel;        # path to stunnel command
 # Check for a command in the PATH of the test server.
 #
 sub checkcmd {
-    my ($cmd, @extrapaths)=@_;
+    my ($cmd, @extrapaths) = @_;
     my @paths;
     if($^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'dos' || $^O eq 'os2') {
         # PATH separator is different
-        @paths=(split(';', $ENV{'PATH'}), @extrapaths);
+        @paths = (split(';', $ENV{'PATH'}), @extrapaths);
     }
     else {
-        @paths=(split(':', $ENV{'PATH'}), "/usr/sbin", "/usr/local/sbin",
-                "/sbin", "/usr/bin", "/usr/local/bin", @extrapaths);
+        @paths = (split(':', $ENV{'PATH'}), "/usr/sbin", "/usr/local/sbin",
+                  "/sbin", "/usr/bin", "/usr/local/bin", @extrapaths);
     }
     for(@paths) {
         if(-x "$_/$cmd" . exe_ext('SYS') && ! -d "$_/$cmd" . exe_ext('SYS')) {
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ sub checkdied {
 #          4 for an unsupported server type
 #
 sub serverfortest {
-    my (@what)=@_;
+    my (@what) = @_;
 
     for(my $i = scalar(@what) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
         my $srvrline = $what[$i];
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ sub serverfortest {
 # Return the pids (yes plural) of the new child process to the parent.
 #
 sub startnew {
-    my ($cmd, $pidfile, $timeout, $fakepidfile)=@_;
+    my ($cmd, $pidfile, $timeout, $fakepidfile) = @_;
 
     logmsg "startnew: $cmd\n" if($verbose);
 
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ sub getexternalproxyflags {
 sub verifyhttp {
     my ($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum, $ip, $port_or_path, $do_http3) = @_;
     my $server = servername_id($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum);
-    my $bonus="";
+    my $bonus = "";
     # $port_or_path contains a path for Unix sockets, sws ignores the port
     my $port = ($ipvnum eq "unix") ? 80 : $port_or_path;
     my $infix = ($do_http3) ? "_h3" : "";
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ sub verifyhttp {
 
     if($proto eq "gopher") {
         # gopher is funny
-        $bonus="1/";
+        $bonus = "1/";
     }
 
     my $flags = "--max-time $server_response_maxtime ";
@@ -602,8 +602,8 @@ sub verifyhttp {
 sub verifyftp {
     my ($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum, $ip, $port) = @_;
     my $server = servername_id($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum);
-    my $time=time();
-    my $extra="";
+    my $time = time();
+    my $extra = "";
 
     my $verifylog = "$LOGDIR/".
         servername_canon($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum) .'_verify.log';
@@ -894,8 +894,8 @@ sub verifypid {
 sub verifysmb {
     my ($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum, $ip, $port) = @_;
     my $server = servername_id($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum);
-    my $time=time();
-    my $extra="";
+    my $time = time();
+    my $extra = "";
 
     my $verifylog = "$LOGDIR/".
         servername_canon($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum) .'_verify.log';
@@ -954,8 +954,8 @@ sub verifysmb {
 sub verifytelnet {
     my ($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum, $ip, $port) = @_;
     my $server = servername_id($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum);
-    my $time=time();
-    my $extra="";
+    my $time = time();
+    my $extra = "";
 
     my $verifylog = "$LOGDIR/".
         servername_canon($proto, $ipvnum, $idnum) .'_verify.log';
@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ sub runhttpserver {
 #
 sub runhttp2server {
     my ($verb) = @_;
-    my $proto="http/2";
+    my $proto = "http/2";
     my $ipvnum = 4;
     my $idnum = 0;
     my $exe = "$perl " . shell_quote("$srcdir/http2-server.pl");
@@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ sub runhttp2server {
 #
 sub runhttp3server {
     my ($verb, $cert) = @_;
-    my $proto="http/3";
+    my $proto = "http/3";
     my $ipvnum = 4;
     my $idnum = 0;
     my $exe = "$perl " . shell_quote("$srcdir/http3-server.pl");
@@ -1676,7 +1676,7 @@ sub rundnsserver {
     my $portfile = $serverportfile{$server};
     my $logfile = server_logfilename($LOGDIR, $proto, $ipvnum, $idnum);
 
-    my $cmd=server_exe('dnsd');
+    my $cmd = server_exe('dnsd');
     $cmd .= " --port 0";
     $cmd .= " --verbose" if($debugprotocol);
     $cmd .= " --pidfile \"$pidfile\"";
@@ -1800,7 +1800,7 @@ sub sshkeyalgostr {
 #
 sub runsshserver {
     my ($id, $verb, $ipv6) = @_;
-    my $ip=$HOSTIP;
+    my $ip = $HOSTIP;
     my $proto = 'ssh';
     my $ipvnum = 4;
     my $idnum = ($id && ($id =~ /^(\d+)$/) && ($id > 1)) ? $id : 1;
@@ -1925,7 +1925,7 @@ sub runsshserver {
 #
 sub runmqttserver {
     my ($id, $verb, $ipv6) = @_;
-    my $ip=$HOSTIP;
+    my $ip = $HOSTIP;
     my $proto = 'mqtt';
     my $port = protoport($proto);
     my $ipvnum = 4;
@@ -1951,7 +1951,7 @@ sub runmqttserver {
 
     unlink($portfile); # need to see a new one
     # start our MQTT server - on a random port!
-    my $cmd=server_exe('mqttd').
+    my $cmd = server_exe('mqttd').
         " --port 0".
         " --pidfile $pidfile".
         " --portfile $portfile".
@@ -1988,7 +1988,7 @@ sub runmqttserver {
 #
 sub runsocksserver {
     my ($id, $verb, $ipv6, $is_unix) = @_;
-    my $ip=$HOSTIP;
+    my $ip = $HOSTIP;
     my $proto = 'socks';
     my $ipvnum = 4;
     my $idnum = ($id && ($id =~ /^(\d+)$/) && ($id > 1)) ? $id : 1;
@@ -2014,9 +2014,9 @@ sub runsocksserver {
 
     unlink($portfile); # need to see a new one
     # start our socks server, get commands from the FTP cmd file
-    my $cmd="";
+    my $cmd = "";
     if($is_unix) {
-        $cmd=server_exe('socksd').
+        $cmd = server_exe('socksd').
             " --pidfile $pidfile".
             " --reqfile $LOGDIR/$SOCKSIN".
             " --logfile $logfile".
@@ -2025,7 +2025,7 @@ sub runsocksserver {
             " --config $LOGDIR/$SERVERCMD";
         $portfile = "none";
     } else {
-        $cmd=server_exe('socksd').
+        $cmd = server_exe('socksd').
             " --port 0".
             " --pidfile $pidfile".
             " --portfile $portfile".
@@ -2433,7 +2433,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting ". uc($what) ." server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid $what => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{$what}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{$what} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "ftp-ipv6") {
@@ -2450,7 +2450,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid ftp-ipv6 => %d %d\n", $pid,
                        $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'ftp-ipv6'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'ftp-ipv6'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "gopher") {
@@ -2469,7 +2469,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf ("* pid gopher => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'gopher'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'gopher'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "gopher-ipv6") {
@@ -2488,7 +2488,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid gopher-ipv6 => %d %d\n", $pid,
                                $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'gopher-ipv6'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'gopher-ipv6'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "http") {
@@ -2507,7 +2507,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf ("* pid http => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'http'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'http'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "http-proxy") {
@@ -2526,7 +2526,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf ("* pid http-proxy => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'http-proxy'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'http-proxy'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "http-ipv6") {
@@ -2545,7 +2545,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid http-ipv6 => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'http-ipv6'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'http-ipv6'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "rtsp") {
@@ -2561,7 +2561,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting RTSP server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid rtsp => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'rtsp'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'rtsp'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "rtsp-ipv6") {
@@ -2578,7 +2578,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid rtsp-ipv6 => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'rtsp-ipv6'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'rtsp-ipv6'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what =~ /^(ftp|imap|pop3|smtp)s$/) {
@@ -2605,7 +2605,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting $cproto server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid $cproto => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{$cproto}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{$cproto} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
             if(!$run{$what}) {
                 ($serr, $pid, $pid2, $PORT{$what}) =
@@ -2616,7 +2616,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid $what => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{$what}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{$what} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "file") {
@@ -2663,7 +2663,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting HTTP server (for https/https-mtls)", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid http => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'http'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'http'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
             if(!$run{$what}) {
                 ($serr, $pid, $pid2, $PORT{$what}) =
@@ -2673,7 +2673,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid $what => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{$what}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{$what} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "http/2") {
@@ -2704,7 +2704,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting HTTP server (for http/2)", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid http => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'http'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'http'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
             if(!$run{'http/2'}) {
                 ($serr, $pid, $pid2, $PORT{"http2"}, $PORT{"http2tls"}) =
@@ -2714,7 +2714,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf ("* pid http/2 => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'http/2'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'http/2'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "http/3") {
@@ -2745,7 +2745,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting HTTP server (for http/3)", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid http => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'http'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'http'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
             if(!$run{'http/3'}) {
                 ($serr, $pid, $pid2, $PORT{"http3"}) = runhttp3server($verbose);
@@ -2754,7 +2754,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf ("* pid http/3 => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'http/3'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'http/3'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "gophers") {
@@ -2777,15 +2777,14 @@ sub startservers {
             }
             if(!$run{'gopher'}) {
                 my $port;
-                ($serr, $pid, $pid2, $port) =
-                    runhttpserver("gopher", $verbose, 0);
+                ($serr, $pid, $pid2, $port) = runhttpserver("gopher", $verbose, 0);
                 $PORT{'gopher'} = $port;
                 if($pid <= 0) {
                     return ("failed starting GOPHER server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid gopher => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
                 logmsg "GOPHERPORT => $port\n" if($verbose);
-                $run{'gopher'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'gopher'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
             if(!$run{'gophers'}) {
                 my $port;
@@ -2798,7 +2797,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid gophers => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
                 logmsg "GOPHERSPORT => $port\n" if($verbose);
-                $run{'gophers'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'gophers'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "https-proxy") {
@@ -2829,7 +2828,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid https-proxy => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'https-proxy'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'https-proxy'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "httptls") {
@@ -2851,7 +2850,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid httptls => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'httptls'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'httptls'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "httptls-ipv6") {
@@ -2873,7 +2872,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid httptls-ipv6 => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'httptls-ipv6'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'httptls-ipv6'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "dns") {
@@ -2890,7 +2889,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting DNS server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid dns => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'dns'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'dns'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "tftp") {
@@ -2907,7 +2906,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting TFTP server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid tftp => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'tftp'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'tftp'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "tftp-ipv6") {
@@ -2924,7 +2923,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting TFTP-IPv6 server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid tftp-ipv6 => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'tftp-ipv6'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'tftp-ipv6'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "sftp" || $what eq "scp") {
@@ -2934,7 +2933,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting SSH server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid ssh => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'ssh'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'ssh'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "socks4" || $what eq "socks5" ) {
@@ -2944,7 +2943,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting socks server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid socks => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'socks'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'socks'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "socks5unix") {
@@ -2954,7 +2953,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting socks5unix server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid socks5unix => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'socks5unix'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'socks5unix'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "mqtt" ) {
@@ -2970,7 +2969,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting mqtt server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid mqtt => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'mqtt'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'mqtt'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "mqtts" ) {
@@ -2990,7 +2989,7 @@ sub startservers {
                     return ("failed starting mqtt server", $serr);
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid mqtt => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2) if($verbose);
-                $run{'mqtt'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'mqtt'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
             if(!$run{$what}) {
                 ($serr, $pid, $pid2, $PORT{$what}) =
@@ -3000,7 +2999,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid $what => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{$what}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{$what} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "http-unix") {
@@ -3019,7 +3018,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf("* pid http-unix => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'http-unix'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'http-unix'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "dict") {
@@ -3030,7 +3029,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf ("* pid DICT => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'dict'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'dict'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "smb") {
@@ -3041,7 +3040,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf ("* pid SMB => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'smb'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'smb'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         elsif($what eq "telnet") {
@@ -3053,7 +3052,7 @@ sub startservers {
                 }
                 logmsg sprintf ("* pid neg TELNET => %d %d\n", $pid, $pid2)
                     if($verbose);
-                $run{'telnet'}="$pid $pid2";
+                $run{'telnet'} = "$pid $pid2";
             }
         }
         else {
diff --git a/tests/test1119.pl b/tests/test1119.pl
index 845453d8a1..4797c758bd 100755
--- a/tests/test1119.pl
+++ b/tests/test1119.pl
@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ if(!$rc) {
 }
 
 # we may get the directory root pointed out
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || ".";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || ".";
 
 # need an include directory when building out-of-tree
 my $i = ($ARGV[1]) ? "-I$ARGV[1] " : '';
 
-my $verbose=0;
-my $summary=0;
-my $misses=0;
+my $verbose = 0;
+my $summary = 0;
+my $misses = 0;
 
 my @manrefs;
 my @syms;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ sub scanenum {
 }
 
 sub scanheader {
-    my ($f)=@_;
+    my ($f) = @_;
     open(my $h, "<", $f);
     while(<$h>) {
         if(/^#define ((LIB|)CURL[A-Za-z0-9_]*)/) {
@@ -146,24 +146,24 @@ scanman_md_dir("$root/docs/libcurl/opts");
 open(my $s, "<", "$root/docs/libcurl/symbols-in-versions");
 while(<$s>) {
     if(/(^[^ \n]+) +(.*)/) {
-        my ($sym, $rest)=($1, $2);
+        my ($sym, $rest) = ($1, $2);
         if($doc{$sym}) {
             print "Detected duplicate symbol: $sym\n";
             $misses++;
             next;
         }
-        $doc{$sym}=$sym;
-        my @a=split(/ +/, $rest);
+        $doc{$sym} = $sym;
+        my @a = split(/ +/, $rest);
         if($a[2]) {
             # this symbol is documented to have been present the last time
             # in this release
-            $rem{$sym}=$a[2];
+            $rem{$sym} = $a[2];
         }
     }
 }
 close $s;
 
-my $ignored=0;
+my $ignored = 0;
 for my $e (sort @syms) {
     # OBSOLETE - names that are placeholders for a position where we
     # previously had a name, that is now removed. The OBSOLETE names should
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ for my $e (sort @syms) {
         if($verbose) {
             print $e."\n";
         }
-        $doc{$e}="used";
+        $doc{$e} = "used";
         next;
     }
     else {
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ for my $e (sort keys %doc) {
 my %warned;
 for my $r (@manrefs) {
     if($r =~ /^([^:]+):(.*)/) {
-        my ($sym, $file)=($1, $2);
+        my ($sym, $file) = ($1, $2);
         if(!$doc{$sym} && !$warned{$sym, $file}) {
             print "$file: $sym is not a public symbol\n";
             $warned{$sym, $file} = 1;
diff --git a/tests/test1135.pl b/tests/test1135.pl
index 40f18aaa22..152adef463 100755
--- a/tests/test1135.pl
+++ b/tests/test1135.pl
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ foreach (sort(@dir)) {
     }
 }
 
-my $verbose=0;
-my $summary=0;
-my $misses=0;
+my $verbose = 0;
+my $summary = 0;
+my $misses = 0;
 
 my @out;
 foreach my $f (@incs) {
diff --git a/tests/test1139.pl b/tests/test1139.pl
index a11c9d03a3..7e5ddb4f04 100755
--- a/tests/test1139.pl
+++ b/tests/test1139.pl
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ use strict;
 use warnings;
 
 # we may get the directory roots pointed out
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || ".";
-my $buildroot=$ARGV[1] || ".";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || ".";
+my $buildroot = $ARGV[1] || ".";
 my $syms = "$root/docs/libcurl/symbols-in-versions";
 my $curlh = "$root/include/curl/curl.h";
-my $errors=0;
+my $errors = 0;
 
 # the prepopulated alias list is the CURLINFO_* defines that are used for the
 # debug function callback and the fact that they use the same prefix as the
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ open($r, "<", $curlh) ||
     die "no curl.h";
 while(<$r>) {
     if(/^\#define (CURL(OPT|INFO|MOPT)_\w+) (.*)/) {
-        $alias{$1}=$3;
+        $alias{$1} = $3;
     }
 }
 close($r);
@@ -198,11 +198,11 @@ while(<$r>) {
     $no++;
     chomp;
     if(/struct LongShort aliases/) {
-        $list=1;
+        $list = 1;
     }
     elsif($list) {
         if(/^  \{(\"[^,]*\").*\'(.)\',/) {
-            my ($l, $s)=($1, $2);
+            my ($l, $s) = ($1, $2);
             my $sh;
             my $lo;
             my $title;
@@ -212,12 +212,12 @@ while(<$r>) {
             if($l =~ /\"(.*)\"/) {
                 # long option
                 $lo = $1;
-                $title="--$lo";
+                $title = "--$lo";
             }
             if($s ne " ") {
                 # a short option
                 $sh = $s;
-                $title="-$sh, $title";
+                $title = "-$sh, $title";
             }
             push @getparam, $title;
             $opts{$title} |= 1;
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ while(<$r>) {
     chomp;
     my $l= $_;
     if(/^  \{ \" *(.*)/) {
-        my $str=$1;
+        my $str = $1;
         my $combo;
         if($str =~ /^-(.), --([a-z0-9.-]*)/) {
             # figure out the -short, --long combo
@@ -295,10 +295,10 @@ foreach my $o (keys %opts) {
         my $exists;
         my $missing;
         if($where & 1) {
-            $exists=" tool_getparam.c";
+            $exists = " tool_getparam.c";
         }
         else {
-            $missing=" tool_getparam.c";
+            $missing = " tool_getparam.c";
         }
         if($where & 2) {
             $exists.= " curl.1";
diff --git a/tests/test1140.pl b/tests/test1140.pl
index 45da989ea6..219cfb6895 100755
--- a/tests/test1140.pl
+++ b/tests/test1140.pl
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ sub manpresent {
     elsif(-r "$docsroot/$man" ||
           -r "$docsroot/libcurl/$man" ||
           -r "$docsroot/libcurl/opts/$man") {
-        $manp{$man}=1;
+        $manp{$man} = 1;
         return 1;
     }
     return 0;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ sub file {
         chomp;
         my $l = $_;
         while($l =~ s/\\f(.)([^ ]*)\\f(.)//) {
-            my ($pre, $str, $post)=($1, $2, $3);
+            my ($pre, $str, $post) = ($1, $2, $3);
             if($str =~ /^\\f[ib]/i) {
                 print "error: $f:$line: double-highlight\n";
                 $errors++;
diff --git a/tests/test1165.pl b/tests/test1165.pl
index bcf8b50fb7..e3f45b2ada 100755
--- a/tests/test1165.pl
+++ b/tests/test1165.pl
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ my %file;
 my %docs;
 
 # we may get the directory root pointed out
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || ".";
-my $DOCS="CURL-DISABLE.md";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || ".";
+my $DOCS = "CURL-DISABLE.md";
 
 sub scanconf {
-    my ($f)=@_;
+    my ($f) = @_;
     open S, "<$f";
     while(<S>) {
         if(/(CURL_DISABLE_[A-Z0-9_]+)/g) {
-            my ($sym)=($1);
+            my ($sym) = ($1);
             if(not $sym =~ /^(CURL_DISABLE_TYPECHECK)$/) {
                 $disable{$sym} = 1;
             }
@@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ sub scan_configure {
 }
 
 sub scanconf_cmake {
-    my ($hashr, $f)=@_;
+    my ($hashr, $f) = @_;
     open S, "<$f";
     while(<S>) {
         if(/(CURL_DISABLE_[A-Z0-9_]+)/g) {
-            my ($sym)=($1);
+            my ($sym) = ($1);
             if(not $sym =~ /^(CURL_DISABLE_INSTALL|CURL_DISABLE_SRP|CURL_DISABLE_TYPECHECK)$/) {
                 $hashr->{$sym} = 1;
             }
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ my %whitelisted = (
 );
 
 sub scan_file {
-    my ($source)=@_;
+    my ($source) = @_;
     open F, "<$source";
     while(<F>) {
         while(s/(CURL_DISABLE_[A-Z0-9_]+)//) {
-            my ($sym)=($1);
+            my ($sym) = ($1);
 
             if(!$whitelisted{$sym}) {
                 $file{$sym} = $source;
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ sub scan_file {
 }
 
 sub scan_dir {
-    my ($dir)=@_;
+    my ($dir) = @_;
     opendir(my $dh, $dir) || die "Cannot opendir $dir: $!";
     my @cfiles = grep { /\.[ch]\z/ && -f "$dir/$_" } readdir($dh);
     closedir $dh;
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ sub scan_docs {
     while(<F>) {
         $line++;
         if(/^## `(CURL_DISABLE_[A-Z0-9_]+)`/g) {
-            my ($sym)=($1);
+            my ($sym) = ($1);
             if(not $sym =~ /^(CURL_DISABLE_TYPECHECK)$/) {
                 $docs{$sym} = $line;
             }
diff --git a/tests/test1167.pl b/tests/test1167.pl
index dd0097e371..eea5fe45f1 100755
--- a/tests/test1167.pl
+++ b/tests/test1167.pl
@@ -47,29 +47,29 @@ if(!$rc) {
     $Cpreprocessor = 'cpp';
 }
 
-my $verbose=0;
+my $verbose = 0;
 
 # verbose mode when -v is the first argument
 if($ARGV[0] eq "-v") {
-    $verbose=1;
+    $verbose = 1;
     shift;
 }
 
 # we may get the directory root pointed out
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || ".";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || ".";
 
 # need an include directory when building out-of-tree
 my $i = ($ARGV[1]) ? "-I$ARGV[1] " : '';
 
 my $incdir = "$root/include/curl";
 
-my $summary=0;
-my $misses=0;
+my $summary = 0;
+my $misses = 0;
 
 my @syms;
 
 sub scanenums {
-    my ($file)=@_;
+    my ($file) = @_;
     my $skipit = 0;
 
     open H_IN, "-|", "$Cpreprocessor -DCURL_DISABLE_DEPRECATION $i$file" ||
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ sub scanenums {
 }
 
 sub scanheader {
-    my ($f)=@_;
+    my ($f) = @_;
     scanenums($f);
     open(H, '<', $f);
     while(<H>) {
diff --git a/tests/test1173.pl b/tests/test1173.pl
index baeff85762..f469564f29 100755
--- a/tests/test1173.pl
+++ b/tests/test1173.pl
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ use warnings;
 use File::Basename;
 
 # get the filename first
-my $symbolsinversions=shift @ARGV;
+my $symbolsinversions = shift @ARGV;
 
 # we may get the directory roots pointed out
-my @manpages=@ARGV;
+my @manpages = @ARGV;
 my $errors = 0;
 
 my %docsdirs;
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ sub allsymbols {
     while(<$f>) {
         if($_ =~ /^([^ ]*) +(.*)/) {
             my ($name, $info) = ($1, $2);
-            $symbol{$name}=$name;
+            $symbol{$name} = $name;
 
             if($info =~ /([0-9.]+) +([0-9.]+)/) {
-                $deprecated{$name}=$info;
+                $deprecated{$name} = $info;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ my %ref = (
     'curl.1' => 1
     );
 sub checkref {
-    my ($f, $sec, $file, $line)=@_;
+    my ($f, $sec, $file, $line) = @_;
     my $present = 0;
     #print STDERR "check $f.$sec\n";
     if($ref{"$f.$sec"}) {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ sub checkref {
     foreach my $d (keys %docsdirs) {
         if(-f "$d/$f.$sec") {
             $present = 1;
-            $ref{"$f.$sec"}=1;
+            $ref{"$f.$sec"} = 1;
             last;
         }
     }
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ sub scanmanpage {
     my $shc = 0;
     my $optpage = 0; # option or function
     my @sh;
-    my $SH="";
+    my $SH = "";
     my @separators;
     my @sepline;
 
diff --git a/tests/test1175.pl b/tests/test1175.pl
index 54e0a1fe76..b929ff41ee 100755
--- a/tests/test1175.pl
+++ b/tests/test1175.pl
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ sub getdocserrors {
                 ;
             }
             else {
-                $docs{$symbol}=1;
+                $docs{$symbol} = 1;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ sub getincludeerrors {
                 # removed!
             }
             else {
-                $error{$symbol}=$added;
+                $error{$symbol} = $added;
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/test1177.pl b/tests/test1177.pl
index 32377986a5..cf5bd44fa7 100755
--- a/tests/test1177.pl
+++ b/tests/test1177.pl
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 
-my $manpage=$ARGV[0];
-my $header=$ARGV[1];
-my $source=$ARGV[2];
+my $manpage = $ARGV[0];
+my $header = $ARGV[1];
+my $source = $ARGV[2];
 my %manversion;
 my %headerversion;
 my %manname;
 my %sourcename;
-my $error=0;
+my $error = 0;
 
 open(my $m, "<", $manpage);
 while(<$m>) {
diff --git a/tests/test1222.pl b/tests/test1222.pl
index 96f6d60b23..df7bfa1c0f 100755
--- a/tests/test1222.pl
+++ b/tests/test1222.pl
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ my %optman;         # Option man pages deprecations.
 # Scan header file for public function and enum values. Flag them with
 # the version they are deprecated in, if some.
 sub scan_header {
-    my ($f)=@_;
+    my ($f) = @_;
     my $line = "";
     my $incomment = 0;
     my $inenum = 0;
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ sub scan_header {
 # Each option has to be declared as ".IP <option>" where <option> starts with
 # the prefix. Flag each option with its deprecation version, if some.
 sub scan_man_for_opts {
-    my ($f, $prefix)=@_;
+    my ($f, $prefix) = @_;
     my $opt = "";
     my $line = "";
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ sub scan_man_for_opts {
 
 # Scan man page for deprecation in DESCRIPTION and/or AVAILABILITY sections.
 sub scan_man_page {
-    my ($path, $sym, $table)=@_;
+    my ($path, $sym, $table) = @_;
     my $version = "X";
 
     if(open(my $fh, "<", $path)) {
diff --git a/tests/test1275.pl b/tests/test1275.pl
index 7aa059a29d..3b33bb3cf0 100755
--- a/tests/test1275.pl
+++ b/tests/test1275.pl
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || "..";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || "..";
 
 my @m;
 if(open(O, '-|', 'git', 'ls-files', '--', $root)) {
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ if(open(O, '-|', 'git', 'ls-files', '--', $root)) {
 
 my $errors = 0;
 
-my %accepted=('curl' => 1,
-              'libcurl' => 1,
-              'macOS' => 1,
-              'wolfSSL' => 1,
-              'mbedTLS' => 1,
-              'rustls' => 1,
-              'c-ares' => 1);
+my %accepted = ('curl' => 1,
+                'libcurl' => 1,
+                'macOS' => 1,
+                'wolfSSL' => 1,
+                'mbedTLS' => 1,
+                'rustls' => 1,
+                'c-ares' => 1);
 
 sub checkfile {
     my ($f) = @_;
diff --git a/tests/test1276.pl b/tests/test1276.pl
index bdd903953a..da818b6d7f 100755
--- a/tests/test1276.pl
+++ b/tests/test1276.pl
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ my $root = $ARGV[0] || '..';
 
 open(my $fh, "-|", 'perl', "$root/lib/optiontable.pl", "$root/include/curl/curl.h");
 binmode $fh;
-my @gen=<$fh>;
+my @gen = <$fh>;
 close($fh);
 
 open($fh, "<", "$root/lib/easyoptions.c");
 binmode $fh;
-my @file=<$fh>;
+my @file = <$fh>;
 close($fh);
 
 if(join("", @gen) ne join("", @file)) {
diff --git a/tests/test1477.pl b/tests/test1477.pl
index 6a4476bee1..ce9b308610 100755
--- a/tests/test1477.pl
+++ b/tests/test1477.pl
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ use strict;
 use warnings;
 
 # we may get the directory roots pointed out
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || ".";
-my $buildroot=$ARGV[1] || ".";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || ".";
+my $buildroot = $ARGV[1] || ".";
 my $manpge = "$buildroot/docs/libcurl/libcurl-errors.3";
 my $curlh = "$root/include/curl";
-my $errors=0;
+my $errors = 0;
 
 my @hnames;
 my %wherefrom;
@@ -42,19 +42,19 @@ my @mnames;
 my %manfrom;
 
 sub scanheader {
-    my ($file)=@_;
+    my ($file) = @_;
     open H, "<$file";
     my $line = 0;
     while(<H>) {
         $line++;
         if($_ =~ /^  (CURL(E|UE|SHE|HE|M)_[A-Z0-9_]*)/) {
-            my ($name)=($1);
+            my ($name) = ($1);
             if(($name !~ /(OBSOLETE|CURLE_RESERVED)/) && ($name !~ /_LAST\z/)) {
                 push @hnames, $name;
                 if($wherefrom{$name}) {
                     print STDERR "double: $name\n";
                 }
-                $wherefrom{$name}="$file:$line";
+                $wherefrom{$name} = "$file:$line";
             }
         }
     }
@@ -62,16 +62,16 @@ sub scanheader {
 }
 
 sub scanmanpage {
-    my ($file)=@_;
+    my ($file) = @_;
     open H, "<$file";
     my $line = 0;
     while(<H>) {
         $line++;
         if($_ =~ /^\.IP \"(CURL(E|UE|SHE|HE|M)_[A-Z0-9_]*)/) {
-            my ($name)=($1);
+            my ($name) = ($1);
             if($name !~ /(CURLM_CALL_MULTI_SOCKET)/) {
                 push @mnames, $name;
-                $manfrom{$name}="$file:$line";
+                $manfrom{$name} = "$file:$line";
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/test1486.pl b/tests/test1486.pl
index 79f6a856be..93b5dbb63f 100755
--- a/tests/test1486.pl
+++ b/tests/test1486.pl
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use strict;
 use warnings;
 
 # we may get the directory root pointed out
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || ".";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || ".";
 
 my %insrc; # variable set in source
 my %indocs; # variable described in docs
diff --git a/tests/test1488.pl b/tests/test1488.pl
index 4c4acb75aa..c16c44de29 100755
--- a/tests/test1488.pl
+++ b/tests/test1488.pl
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ if(!$rc) {
 }
 
 # we may get the directory root pointed out
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || ".";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || ".";
 
 # need an include directory when building out-of-tree
 my $i = ($ARGV[1]) ? "-I$ARGV[1] " : '';
@@ -116,10 +116,10 @@ open my $s, "<", "$root/docs/libcurl/symbols-in-versions";
 while(<$s>) {
     chomp;
     if(/^(\S+) +([0-9.]*)/) {
-        my ($sym, $ver)=($1, $2);
+        my ($sym, $ver) = ($1, $2);
         push @syms, $sym;
 
-        $symadded{$sym}=$ver;
+        $symadded{$sym} = $ver;
         if(!$pastversion{$ver}) {
             printf "SIV: says $sym was added in non-existing %s\n", $ver;
             $error++;
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ while(<$s>) {
 }
 close $s;
 
-my $ignored=0;
+my $ignored = 0;
 for my $e (sort @syms) {
     if($manpage{$e}) {
         if($manpage{$e} ne $symadded{$e}) {
diff --git a/tests/test1544.pl b/tests/test1544.pl
index 78bb9a19e3..2703ac1e74 100755
--- a/tests/test1544.pl
+++ b/tests/test1544.pl
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || ".";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || ".";
 my $incdir = "$root/include/curl";
 my $os400dir = "$root/projects/OS400";
 my $errcount = 0;
 
 # Scan header file for string option definitions.
 sub scan_header {
-    my ($f)=@_;
+    my ($f) = @_;
     my $line = "";
     my $incomment = 0;
     my @stringopts;
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ sub scan_header {
 
 # Scan projects/OS400/ccsidcurl.c for translatable string option cases.
 sub scan_wrapper_for_strings {
-    my ($f)=@_;
+    my ($f) = @_;
     my $inarmor = 0;
     my @stringopts;
 
diff --git a/tests/test745.pl b/tests/test745.pl
index b26ba86a74..ee2f563ce9 100755
--- a/tests/test745.pl
+++ b/tests/test745.pl
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use strict;
 use warnings;
 
 # we may get the directory root pointed out
-my $root=$ARGV[0] || ".";
+my $root = $ARGV[0] || ".";
 
 my %typecheck; # from the include file
 my %enum; # from libcurl-errors.3
diff --git a/tests/test971.pl b/tests/test971.pl
index e4ff5f860a..1c6ecf893e 100755
--- a/tests/test971.pl
+++ b/tests/test971.pl
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ my %oiv;
 my $error = 0;
 
 sub cmdfiles {
-    my ($dir)=@_;
+    my ($dir) = @_;
 
     opendir(my $dh, $dir) || die "Cannot opendir $dir: $!";
     my @opts = grep { /[a-z0-9].*\.md$/ && -f "$dir/$_" } readdir($dh);
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub cmdfiles {
 
     for(@opts) {
         $_ =~ s/\.md$//;
-        $file{$_}=1;
+        $file{$_} = 1;
     }
     return @opts;
 }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ sub mentions {
     while(<$fh>) {
         chomp;
         if(/(.*) +([0-9.]+)/) {
-            my ($flag, $version)=($1, $2);
+            my ($flag, $version) = ($1, $2);
 
             # store the name without the leading dashes
             $flag =~ s/^--//;
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ sub mentions {
 }
 
 sub versioncheck {
-    my ($f, $v)=@_;
+    my ($f, $v) = @_;
     open(my $fh, "<", "$cmddir/$f.md");
     while(<$fh>) {
         chomp;
diff --git a/tests/testcurl.pl b/tests/testcurl.pl
index 4b355510c7..f6f1f30d72 100755
--- a/tests/testcurl.pl
+++ b/tests/testcurl.pl
@@ -78,21 +78,21 @@ use vars qw($name $email $desc $confopts $runtestopts $setupfile $mktarball
             $extvercmd $nogitpull $nobuildconf $crosscompile
             $timestamp $notes);
 
-$notes='';
-$runtestopts='';
+$notes = '';
+$runtestopts = '';
 
 # version of this script
-$version='2024-11-28';
-$fixed=0;
+$version = '2024-11-28';
+$fixed = 0;
 
 # Determine if we are running from git or a canned copy of curl,
 # or if we got a specific target option or setup file option.
-$CURLDIR="curl";
+$CURLDIR = "curl";
 if(-f ".git/config") {
     $CURLDIR = "./";
 }
 
-$git=1;
+$git = 1;
 $setupfile = 'setup';
 $configurebuild = 1;
 while($ARGV[0]) {
@@ -125,27 +125,27 @@ while($ARGV[0]) {
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif(($ARGV[0] eq "--nocvsup") || ($ARGV[0] eq "--nogitpull")) {
-        $nogitpull=1;
+        $nogitpull = 1;
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /--nobuildconf/) {
-        $nobuildconf=1;
+        $nobuildconf = 1;
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /--noconfigure/) {
-        $configurebuild=0;
+        $configurebuild = 0;
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /--crosscompile/) {
-        $crosscompile=1;
+        $crosscompile = 1;
         shift @ARGV;
     }
     elsif($ARGV[0] =~ /--runtestopts=/) {
         $runtestopts = (split(/=/, shift @ARGV, 2))[1];
     }
     else {
-        $CURLDIR=shift @ARGV;
-        $git=0; # a given dir, assume not using git
+        $CURLDIR = shift @ARGV;
+        $git = 0; # a given dir, assume not using git
     }
 }
 
@@ -182,9 +182,9 @@ if(($^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'cygwin' || $^O eq 'msys') &&
   $confheader = 'config-win32.h';
 }
 
-$ENV{LC_ALL}="C" if(($ENV{LC_ALL}) && ($ENV{LC_ALL} !~ /^C$/));
-$ENV{LC_CTYPE}="C" if(($ENV{LC_CTYPE}) && ($ENV{LC_CTYPE} !~ /^C$/));
-$ENV{LANG}="C";
+$ENV{LC_ALL} = "C" if(($ENV{LC_ALL}) && ($ENV{LC_ALL} !~ /^C$/));
+$ENV{LC_CTYPE} = "C" if(($ENV{LC_CTYPE}) && ($ENV{LC_CTYPE} !~ /^C$/));
+$ENV{LANG} = "C";
 
 sub grepfile($$) {
     my ($target, $fn) = @_;
@@ -200,21 +200,21 @@ sub grepfile($$) {
 }
 
 sub logit($) {
-    my $text=$_[0];
+    my $text = $_[0];
     if($text) {
         print "testcurl: $text\n";
     }
 }
 
 sub logit_spaced($) {
-    my $text=$_[0];
+    my $text = $_[0];
     if($text) {
         print "\ntestcurl: $text\n\n";
     }
 }
 
 sub mydie($){
-    my $text=$_[0];
+    my $text = $_[0];
     logit $text;
     chdir $pwd; # cd back to the original root dir
 
@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ sub get_host_triplet {
 if($name && $email && $desc) {
     # having these fields set are enough to continue, skip reading the setup
     # file
-    $infixed=4;
-    $fixed=4;
+    $infixed = 4;
+    $fixed = 4;
 }
 elsif(open(my $f, "<", $setupfile)) {
     while(<$f>) {
@@ -261,31 +261,31 @@ elsif(open(my $f, "<", $setupfile)) {
         }
     }
     close($f);
-    $infixed=$fixed;
+    $infixed = $fixed;
 }
 else {
-    $infixed=0;    # so that "additional args to configure" works properly first time...
+    $infixed = 0;    # so that "additional args to configure" works properly first time...
 }
 
 if(!$name) {
     print "please enter your name\n";
     $name = <>;
     chomp $name;
-    $fixed=1;
+    $fixed = 1;
 }
 
 if(!$email) {
     print "please enter your contact email address\n";
     $email = <>;
     chomp $email;
-    $fixed=2;
+    $fixed = 2;
 }
 
 if(!$desc) {
     print "please enter a one line system description\n";
     $desc = <>;
     chomp $desc;
-    $fixed=3;
+    $fixed = 3;
 }
 
 if(!$confopts) {
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ if(!$confopts) {
 }
 
 if($fixed < 4) {
-    $fixed=4;
+    $fixed = 4;
     open(my $f, ">", $setupfile) or die;
     print $f "name='$name'\n";
     print $f "email='$email'\n";
@@ -376,9 +376,9 @@ if(-d $CURLDIR) {
 # make the path absolute so we can use it everywhere
 $CURLDIR = File::Spec->rel2abs($CURLDIR);
 
-$build="build-$$";
-$buildlogname="buildlog-$$";
-$buildlog="$pwd/$buildlogname";
+$build = "build-$$";
+$buildlogname = "buildlog-$$";
+$buildlog = "$pwd/$buildlogname";
 
 # remove any previous left-overs
 foreach(glob("build-*")) { rmtree $_; }
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ if($git) {
     }
 
     # get the last 5 commits for show (even if no pull was made)
-    @commits=`git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit -5`;
+    @commits = `git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit -5`;
     logit "The most recent curl git commits:";
     for(@commits) {
         chomp ($_);
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ if($git) {
         }
 
         # get the last 5 commits for show (even if no pull was made)
-        @commits=`git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit -5`;
+        @commits = `git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit -5`;
         logit "The most recent ares git commits:";
         for (@commits) {
             chomp ($_);
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ sub findinpath {
     my $e;
     my $x = ($^O eq 'MSWin32') ? '.exe' : '';
     my $s = ($^O eq 'MSWin32') ? ';' : ':';
-    my $p=$ENV{'PATH'};
+    my $p = $ENV{'PATH'};
     my @pa = split($s, $p);
     for $c (@_) {
         for $e (@pa) {
diff --git a/tests/testutil.pm b/tests/testutil.pm
index 6e3322332e..5967355e8c 100644
--- a/tests/testutil.pm
+++ b/tests/testutil.pm
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ sub logmsg {
 #######################################################################
 # Set the function to use for logging
 sub setlogfunc {
-    ($logfunc)=@_;
+    ($logfunc) = @_;
 }
 
 #######################################################################
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ sub subnewlines {
 # Run the application under test and return its return code
 #
 sub runclient {
-    my ($cmd)=@_;
+    my ($cmd) = @_;
     my $ret = system($cmd);
     print "CMD ($ret): $cmd\n" if($verbose && !$torture);
     return $ret;
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ sub runclient {
 # Run the application under test and return its stdout
 #
 sub runclientoutput {
-    my ($cmd)=@_;
+    my ($cmd) = @_;
     return `$cmd 2>$dev_null`;
 
 # This is one way to test curl on a remote machine