examples: improve global init, error checks and returning errors

- add `curl_global_init()` and `curl_global_cleanup()` where missing.
- check the result of `curl_global_init()` where missing.
- return the last curl error from `main()`.
- drop Win32-specific socket initialization in favor of `curl_global_init()`.
- rename some outliers to `res` for curl result code.
- fix cleanup in some error cases.

Inspired by Joshua's report on examples.

Closes #19053

docs/examples/progressfunc.c

@@ -70,9 +70,12 @@ static int xferinfo(void *p,
 int main(void)
 {
   CURL *curl;
-  CURLcode res = CURLE_OK;
   struct myprogress prog;
 
+  CURLcode res = curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_ALL);
+  if(res)
+    return (int)res;
+
   curl = curl_easy_init();
   if(curl) {
     prog.lastruntime = 0;
@@ -93,5 +96,6 @@ int main(void)
     /* always cleanup */
     curl_easy_cleanup(curl);
   }
+  curl_global_cleanup();
   return (int)res;
 }